Five-channel fiber-based laser Doppler vibrometer for underwater acoustic field measurement

Shang, Jintang; Liu, Yang; Sun, Jian; Kim, Dae Wook; Chen, Weibiao; He, Yabai

doi:10.1364/ao.378788

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Surface Vibrometry. Many works have studied the generation of an underwater acoustic source through a noncontact manner for applications including communication and sensing [13]- [16], [31]. Typically, these solutions rely on a laser interaction with the surface of water; the underlying physics of this interaction are further described in Section III.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Airborne Sonar System for Underwater Remote Sensing and Imaging

2020

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High-resolution imaging and mapping of the ocean and its floor has been limited to less than 5% of the global waters due to technological barriers. Whereas sonar is the primary contributor to existing underwater imagery, the water-based system is limited in spatial coverage due to its low imaging throughput. On the other hand, aerial synthetic aperture radar systems have provided high-resolution imaging of the entire earth's landscapes but are incapable of deep penetration into water. In this work, we present a proofof-concept system which bridges the gap between electromagnetic imaging in air and sonar imaging in water through the laser-induced photoacoustic effect and high-sensitivity airborne ultrasonic detection. Here, we use air-coupled capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) which is a critical differentiator from previous works and has enabled the acquisition of an underwater image from a fully airborne acoustic imaging system-a task that has yet to be accomplished in the literature. With the entire imaging system located on an airborne platform, there is much promise for the scalability of our system to one which could perform high-throughput imaging of underwater in large-scale deployment. Non-contact acousticbased imaging modalities are also of much interest to the medical imaging and non-destructive testing communities. Incorporating air-coupled transducers, for example CMUTs, or other resonant sensors in these applications could be aided by the analysis presented throughout this work. INDEX TERMS Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer, CMUT, laser doppler vibrometer, laser ultrasound, non-destructive testing, photoacoustic, sonar, ultrasound, underwater imaging This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…µP a/ √ Hz [33]. It is notable that the high sensitivities achieved by LDVs in the literature are made possible through strong optical reflections from the detection surface; sensitivity would be diminished for the minimally reflective water surface [14]- [16], [31]. Antonelli et al measured a minimum detectable signal of 120 dB re.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Airborne Sonar System for Underwater Remote Sensing and Imaging

2020

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“…It has also been used to measure the size and velocity of the dispersed phase droplets/bubbles on a smaller scale. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Optical fiber probe technology was originally utilized in gas-liquid two-phase flow systems, and now is used extensively in both gas-liquid and liquid-liquid twophase systems. Optical fiber probes are classified as mono, double, triple, four, and five optical fibers based on the number of optical fibers in the sensor probe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is frequently used to measure physical characteristics including temperature, pressure, liquid level, and flow rate in the hydrodynamic analysis of various chemical processes, such as gas–liquid separation and mixing operations. It has also been used to measure the size and velocity of the dispersed phase droplets/bubbles on a smaller scale 14–33 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on a new four‐fiber sensor signal processing algorithm of hydrodynamic characteristics in liquid–liquid two‐phase flow

Yan

Xie

Chen

et al. 2022

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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In the process of two‐phase countercurrent flow in the extraction column, the study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of dispersed phase droplets is crucial for the design and scaling up of the extraction column. In a pulsed extraction column with a liquid–liquid system, the four‐sensor optical fiber probe was used to assess the hydrodynamic characteristics of the dispersed phase droplets, including size, mean velocity, and holdup. 1 M HNO3 and 30% TBP/kerosene were used as continuous phase and dispersed phase, respectively. The effects of two‐phase superficial velocities and pulsation intensity were investigated on droplet size, mean velocity, and holdup. The findings show that aside from the local holdup, the pulsation intensity has the greatest impact on the hydrodynamic characteristics. A new and concise algorithm was used to deal with the light signals to determine the droplet size and mean velocity. This algorithm created two Cartesian coordinate systems, each with a separate z‐axis using the leading probe as the origin of the coordinate instead of using the vector approach. Compared to the previous algorithm, both the needed number of the time interval between the voltage peaks and that of the direction angles decrease. The relative error of the droplet size obtained by this improved algorithm is within 7%, and droplet velocity is almost the same, compared to the previous algorithm, which indicates that the new algorithm of the four‐sensor optical fiber signal processing is reliable to the measurement of the hydrodynamic characteristics.

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“…Under the hydrodynamic air–water interface, the tiny vibration caused by the underwater sound source is amplitude modulated by the water surface wave motion, and the movement of the water surface is at the level of cm/s or above. In order to obtain the transmitted frequency of the underwater sound source, the water fluctuation must be detected without any missing [ 21 ]. Besides, for the nondestructive testing (NDT) with the scanning LDV, it is time-consuming and easy to lose focus during the scanning situation [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a High-Resolution All-Fiber Homodyne Laser Doppler Vibrometer

Shang

Wang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Based on the homodyne detection, a compact and cost-effective all-fiber laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) with high resolution is presented. For the signal processing, the discrimination algorithm combined with the nonorthogonal correction is applied. The algorithm corrects the quadrature imbalance and other nonlinearity. In the calibration experiment, with the glass pasted on a piezoceramic transducer (PZT), the velocity resolution of 62 nm/s at 4 kHz and displacement resolution of 2.468 pm are achieved. For the LDV-based acousto-optic communication, the minimum detectable sound pressure level (SPL) reached 0.12 Pa under the hydrostatic air-water surface. The results demonstrate that the designed homodyne LDV has a low system background noise and can offer high precision in the vibration measurement.

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Five-channel fiber-based laser Doppler vibrometer for underwater acoustic field measurement

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

An Airborne Sonar System for Underwater Remote Sensing and Imaging

An Airborne Sonar System for Underwater Remote Sensing and Imaging

Study on a new four‐fiber sensor signal processing algorithm of hydrodynamic characteristics in liquid–liquid two‐phase flow

Development of a High-Resolution All-Fiber Homodyne Laser Doppler Vibrometer

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