Fish Peroxiredoxins and Their Role in Immunity

Abstract

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative damage. In addition, Prxs may act as modulators of inflammation, protect against cell death and tumour progression, and facilitate tissue repair after damage. The most studied roles of Prx1 and Prx2 are immunological. Here we present a review on the effects of some immunostimulant treatments and bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections on the expression of fish Prxs at the gene and/or protein level, and point to their important role in immunity. The Prxs show antioxidant activity as well as a protective effect against infection. Some preliminary data are presented about the role of fish Prx1 and Prx2 in virus resistance although further studies are needed before the role of fish Prx in immunity can be definitively defined.

Chronic wounds alter the proteome profile in skin mucus of farmed gilthead seabream

“…Chronic wounds in the skin also altered some stress-related proteins in the mucus of gilthead seabream (Tables 1 and 2 ). Peroxiredoxins are a family of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative damage [ 33 ]. Some of the most studied peroxiredoxins, identified here such as NKEF1 (spot 13) and NKEF2 (spot 11), were down-regulated after chronic wounding in skin mucus of gilthead seabream.…”

“…Another example of this relationship between stress and immunity are peroxiredoxins, which may act as modulators of inflammation in pathogen infection and in protection against cell death, tissue repair after damage, and tumour progression [ 48 ]. According to our results, in which NKEF1 and NKEF2 are under-expressed in skin mucus after chronic wounds, fish NKEFs expression, at either gene or protein level, is regulated by LPS treatment and pathogens including bacteria, viruses and parasites [ 33 ]. Concretely, NKEFs have been previously found in skin mucus of gilthead seabream [ 23 ], and over-expressed after crowding stress [ 29 ].…”

Comparative Analysis of the Transcriptome and Distribution of Putative SNPs in Two Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Breeding Strains by Using Next-Generation Sequencing

“…Of the DE genes discriminating both strains, on average about 80% were expressed in a tissue-specific fashion, while the expression of around 20% was detectable in at least two tissues, but at most four tissues. In the Silver Steelhead strain, these tissue-overlapping genes encode the DNA nuclease Harbinger transposase derived 1 (HARBI1) [31] and two proteins involved in the protection against oxidative stress, glutamate cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (GCLC) [32] and peroxiredoxin 6 protein (PRDX6) [33]. In the Born strain, these tissue-overlapping genes encode NLR family CARD domain containing protein 3 (NLRC3), a central negative regulator of the inflammatory immune response [34] and the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) [35].…”

Multiple Roles of Peroxiredoxins in Inflammation

“…Innate immunity and inflammation are ancient evolutionary mechanisms which have been partly conserved from invertebrates to mammals ( Royet et al, 2005 ). Interestingly, it has been reported that several PRDXs are significantly regulated in immune cells upon virus, bacteria or parasite infection in non-mammalian vertebrates such as fishes (reviewed in Valero et al, 2015 ) or in invertebrates such as insects ( Ahn et al, 2012 ; Chen et al, 2014 ; Radyuk et al, 2010 ; Zhang and Lu, 2015 ) and molluscs ( Genard et al, 2013 ) to cite only a few reports.…”