Fish oil prevents changes induced by a high‐fat diet on metabolism and adipokine secretion in mice subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes

Abstract

Key pointsr Fish oil (FO), rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, has beneficial effects on changes induced by obesity and partially prevents associated comorbidities. Abstract In the present study, we investigated the effect of fish oil (FO) on metabolism and adipokine production by adipocytes from S.C. (inguinal; ING) and visceral (retroperitoneal; RP) white adipose depots in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice. Mice were divided into CO (control diet), CO+FO, HF and HF+FO groups. The HF group presented higher body weight, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, higher plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and greater weights of ING and RP adipose depots accompanied by hypertrophy of the adipocytes. FO exerted anti-obesogenic effects associated with beneficial effects on dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance in mice fed a HF diet (HF+FO group). HF raised RP adipocyte lipolysis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced de novo synthesis of fatty acids, whereas, in ING adipocytes, it decreased glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion but did not change lipolysis. Therefore, the adipose depots play different roles in HF diet-induced insulin resistance according to their location in the body. Concerning cytokine secretion, adipocytes per se in addition to white adopise tissue infiltrated leukocytes have to be considered in the aetiology of the comorbidities associated with obesity. Evidence is presented showing that previous and concomitant administration of FO can prevent changes in metabolism and the secretion of hormones and cytokines in ING and RP adipocytes induced by HF.

Palmitoleic Acid Improves Metabolic Functions in Fatty Liver by PPARα‐Dependent AMPK Activation

“…Majority studies have showed reduced adiponectin levels in adipose tissue and liver in obese and diabetic mice (Oliveira et al, 2014;de Sa et al, 2016); however, in our study, the levels of adiponectin were increased in HF mice, without the effect of palmitoleic treatment. It was described that when NAFLD progresses, circulating adiponectin seems to increase as a compensatory response to the higher production of proinflammatory cytokines (Polyzos et al, 2010).…”

Obesity is a concern for bone health with aging

“…Dietary n-3 PUFA also contributes to the management and prevention of obesity, hepatic steatosis, diabetes and other obesity related complications and chronic diseases. Higher n-3 PUFA intake reduces oxidative stress and inflammation that may affect obesity related comorbidities and bone metabolism [144–147]. In addition, PUFA alters endocannobanoids production and release and CB1/CB2 gene expression, and this may be another mechanism whereby PUFA affects the fate of osteoblast and osteoclast in obesity and chronic over-activated ECS system [145, 148–150].…”

Fish oil reverses metabolic syndrome, adipocyte dysfunction, and altered adipokines secretion triggered by high‐fat diet‐induced obesity

“…The CO and HF groups received water by gavage at the same volume (~50 µl, according to the BW). The FO dosage was chosen based on previous studies from our group (Amaral et al, 2015;Reagan-Shaw, Nihal, & Ahmad, 2008;de Sá et al, 2016).…”

“…Due to the concern about obesity and its metabolic consequences, and the recognition that adipocytes comprise a wide range of homeostatic processes, there is interest in the study of metabolic and endocrine function of WAT. We have previously described that FO presents beneficial effects on preventing obesity and MS, due in part to the effects on depot-specific isolated adipocytes, since previous FO administration (initiated 4 weeks before the induction of obesity) prevented inguinal (ING) and retroperitoneal (RP) adipocytes dysfunction induced by the HF diet (de Sá et al, 2016). Herein, we investigated if FO displays the same beneficial effects on already dysfunctional adipose cells triggered by obesity.…”

“…FO is rich in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n − 3 PUFAs). LC n − 3 PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 22:6), have long been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and to play a potent anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and body weight (BW) reducing effects (Chen, Xu, Yan, Yu, & Li, 2015;Couet, Delarue, Ritz, Antoine, & Lamisse, 1997;Kopecky et al, 2009;de Sá et al, 2016;Serhan, 2014). The most important source of EPA and DHA is marine fish, such as salmon, sardines, tuna, and mullet (Rustan, Hustvedt, & Drevon, 1993).…”