Fish Muscle Lipolysis?a Review

Shewfelt, Robert L.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-4514.1981.tb00663.x

Cited by 103 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Ils sont en général très riches en acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne (AGPI-LC). Plusieurs auteurs ont montré que la teneur en PL reste sensiblement constante, quelle que soit la concentration en lipides neutres, ce qui paraît logique compte tenu de leur rôle essentiellement structural [23][24][25]. La proportion des différents acides gras varie en fonction de la fraction lipidique considérée.…”

Section: Les Poissonsunclassified

“…Dans la classe des lipides polaires, les AGPI présentent des chaînes carbonées plus longues et le rapport C20 + C22/C18 est de 4,3 à 9,8 fois supérieur à celui que l'on peut observer dans les lipides neutres. Chez le saumon, le DHA à lui seul représente 19,38 % des acides gras dans les phospholipides contre 9,58 % dans les triacylglycérols [24]. Parmi les AGPI présents dans les phospholipides totaux, c'est l'acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) qui reste majoritaire dans la plupart des cas.…”

Section: Les Poissonsunclassified

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Lipides polaires marins

Fanni

Linder

Parmentier

2004

OCL

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Résumé : Les lipides polaires marins, notamment les phospholipides (PL), retiennent depuis quelques années l'attention des chercheurs et des industriels en raison de leur composition, particulièrement riche en acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne (AGPI-LC). Ils combinent ainsi les propriétés reconnues des AGPI-LC à l'intérêt métabolique et structural des phospholipides. Les sources sont nombreuses et d'accès très diversifié. Le défi industriel provient de leurs caractéristiques amphiphiles et aromatiques particulièrement marquées qui rend leur extraction très difficile.Summary : Due to the fact that they contain high amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), marine polar lipids (mainly phospholipids, PL), are subject of fundamental and industrial concern for few years. They combine the nutritional properties of LC-PUFA to the structural and metabolic aspects of phospholipids. Several and various potential sources are available. However, due to their amphiphilic and aromatic properties, industrial extraction still remains a challenge.Mots-clés : lipide polaire marin, phospholipide, microalgue, krill, poisson Keywords : marine polar lipid, phospholipid, micro-algae, krill, fish ARTICLE On connaît depuis maintenant plusieurs années les propriétés nutritionnelles des AGPI-LC, présents notamment dans les organismes marins. La littérature sur le sujet est aujourd'hui abondante. Il était naturel de s'intéresser de plus près aux lipides polaires, lipides de structure par excellence, impliqués dans la constitution des membranes cellulaires et dans le fonctionnement du système nerveux. Les lipides polaires marins combinent donc a priori les propriétés reconnues des AGPI-LC à l'importance structurale et métabolique des phospholipides, pour ne parler que de ceux-ci. Dans l'article qui suit, et sans prétention exhaustive, nous avons pris le parti de détailler la composition des phospholipides des microalgues d'intérêt et de la faune à sang froid. Nous avons volontairement négligé les cétacés et les pinnipèdes dans la mesure où l'exploitation industrielle de ces animaux est condamnée à terme. Une énumération de la composition lipidique de leur chair en vue d'une exploitation industrielle n'eût été qu'anecdotique.Article disponible sur le site http://www.ocl-journal.org ou http://dx

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Section: Les Poissonsunclassified

Lipides polaires marins

Fanni

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Parmentier

2004

OCL

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“…Although the processes have not been studied in detail, many of the enzymic components of phosphoglyceride remodelling have been demonstrated in fish. A review of muscle lipase activities in various fish species indicated that the catalytic hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides was primarily under the control of phospholipases A 1 and A 2 (Shewfelt, 1981). Intracellular phospholipase A activities have been demonstrated in muscle tissue from rainbow trout (Jonas and Bilinski, 1967), pollock (Gadus pollachius) (Audley et al, 1978), winter flounder and cod (Chawla and Ablett, 1987).…”

Section: Phospholipid Turnover and Remodellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and Functions of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Teleost Fish

Tocher

2003

Reviews in Fisheries Science

2,096

1,718

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Lipids and their constituent fatty acids are, along with proteins, the major organic constituents of fish, and they play major roles as sources of metabolic energy for growth including reproduction, and movement including migration. Furthermore, the fatty acids of fish lipids are rich in ω3 long chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) that have particularly important roles in animal nutrition, including fish and human nutrition, reflecting their roles in critical physiological processes. Indeed, fish are the most important food source of these vital nutrients for man Thus, the long standing interest in fish lipids stems from their abundance and their uniqueness. This review attempts to summarise our present state of knowledge of various aspects of the basic biochemistry, metabolism and functions of fatty acids, and the lipids they constitute part of, in fish, seeking where possible to relate that understanding as much to fish in their natural environment as to farmed fish. In doing so, it highlights the areas that require to be investigated in greater depth and also the increasing application of molecular technologies in fish lipid metabolism which will fascilitate further advances through molecular biological and genetic techniques including genomics and proteomics.

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“…The enzymes required for deacylation of phospholipids and reacylation of lyso-318 phospholipids, and thus for the turnover of phospholipids, have been demonstrated in fish. 319 Intracellular phospholipase A activities have been reported in muscle tissue from a variety of fish 320 species including rainbow trout and cod (see Tocher, 2003), and a review of muscle lipase 321 activities indicated that hydrolysis of phospholipids in fish was primarily under the control of 322 phospholipases A 1 and A 2 (Shewfelt, 1981). The activity of liver microsomal phospholipase A 2 323 has been studied in trout (Neas and Hazel, 1985), whereas cytosolic phospholipase A 2 was 324 demonstrated to be the principal phospholipase activity during zebrafish embryogenesis (Farber 325 et al, 1999).…”

Section: Phospholipid Turnover and Remodelling 304mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism of teleost fish

Tocher¹,

Bendiksen²,

Campbell³

et al. 2008

Aquaculture

481

395

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27It has been known for almost 25 years now that inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet could 28 improve culture performance of various freshwater and marine fish species. The primary 29 beneficial effect was improved growth in both larvae and early juveniles, but also increased 30 survival rates and decreased incidence of malformation in larvae, and perhaps increased stress 31 resistance. Determination of absolute dietary requirements has been hampered by the use, in 32 different dietary trials, of a wide range of phospholipid preparations that can vary greatly both in 33 phospholipid content and class composition. Larval studies have been compromised further by the 34 need on many occasions to supply phospholipid through enrichment of live feeds with subsequent 35 re-modelling of the phospholipid and fatty acid compositions. Generally, the levels of 36 phospholipid requirement are around 2 -4% of diet for juvenile fish and probably higher in larval 37 fish. The effects were restricted to young fish, as a requirement for dietary phospholipids has not 38 been established for adult fish, although this has been virtually unstudied. As the majority of 39 studies have used crude mixed phospholipid preparations, particularly soybean lecithin, but also 40 other plant phospholipids and egg yolk lecithin, that are enriched in several phospholipids, it has 41 been difficult to elucidate which specific phospholipid classes impart beneficial effects. Based on 42 the few studies where single pure phospholipid species have been used, the rank order for efficacy 43 appears to be phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylinositol > phosphatidylethanolamine > 44 phosphatidylserine. The efficacy of other phospholipid classes or sphingolipids is not known. The 45 mechanism underpinning the role of the phospholipids in larval and early juvenile fish must also 46 explain their lack of effect in adult fish. The role of phospholipids appears to be independent of 47 fatty acid requirements although the presence of an unsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position may 48 be important. Similarly, the phospholipid requirement is not related to the delivery of other 49 essential dietary components such as the bases choline and inositol. Studies also suggested that the 50 phospholipid effect was not due to generally enhanced emulsification and digestion of lipids. 51Rather the evidence led to the hypothesis that early developing stages of fish had impaired ability 52 to transport dietary lipids away from the intestine possibly through limitations in lipoprotein 53 synthesis. The current hypothesis is that the enzymic location of the limitation is actually in 54 phospholipid biosynthesis, perhaps the production of the glycerophosphobase backbone and that 55 dietary supplementation with intact phospholipids in larvae and juvenile fish compensated for this. 56

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Fish Muscle Lipolysis?a Review

Cited by 103 publications

References 124 publications

Lipides polaires marins

Lipides polaires marins

Metabolism and Functions of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Teleost Fish

The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism of teleost fish

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