Fish cytokines: current research and applications

Sakai, Masahiro; Hikima, Jun-ichi; Kono, Tomoya

doi:10.1007/s12562-020-01476-4

Cited by 98 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…To determine the changes in gene expressions during the inflammatory process, tight and coordinate regulation of gene expression by environmental cues, microbial or danger-associated molecules or cytokines, are mandatory [ 68 ]. Cytokines are usually small protein molecules (~5–25 kDa) that can regulate the biological functions such as stress, non-specific and adaptive immune responses, the production of cellular components in blood, and the recovery of body injury, mostly through the extracellular signaling pathway on the cell cortex [ 25 , 69 ]. The cytokine, IL-1β is a major player in the immune responses of fish, as in mammals, and is involved in the modulation of autoimmune inflammation [ 69 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cytokines are usually small protein molecules (~5–25 kDa) that can regulate the biological functions such as stress, non-specific and adaptive immune responses, the production of cellular components in blood, and the recovery of body injury, mostly through the extracellular signaling pathway on the cell cortex [ 25 , 69 ]. The cytokine, IL-1β is a major player in the immune responses of fish, as in mammals, and is involved in the modulation of autoimmune inflammation [ 69 ]. On the other hand, IL-10 is also an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a vital role in immuno-regulation for inflammation [ 70 , 71 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Dietary Probiotic Bacteria and Processed Yeast (GroPro-Aqua) as the Alternative of Antibiotics in Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

et al. 2022

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We investigated the three probiotic bacteria and a processed yeast (GroPro-Aqua) as the replacers of antibiotics in juvenile olive flounder. A total of seven diets were used, that is, one basal or control (CON) diet; and six other diets, of which, three diets were prepared by supplementing probiotic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis WB60 (BSWB60) at 1 × 108 CFU/g diet, Bacillus subtilis SJ10 (BSSJ10) at 1 × 108 CFU/g diet, and Enterococcus faecium SH30 (EFSH30) at 1 × 107 CFU/g diet; one diet with processed yeast (GRO) at 0.35% diet; and two other diets were supplemented with oxytetracycline (OTC) and amoxicillin (AMO) at 4 g/kg of each. Triplicate groups of fish (average 12.1 g) were fed one of the diets for eight weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish that were fed the probiotic bacteria-supplemented diets had a significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate compared to the CON, OTC, and AMO diets. Fish that were fed the GRO diet had significantly higher feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios than those of the fish that were fed the CON diet. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glucose, and total protein were not affected by the diets. Lysozyme activity in fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, and EFSH30 diets were significantly higher compared to the CON and OTC diets, whereas myeloperoxidase activity of fish fed the BSWB60 and EFSH30 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON and AMO diets. Flounder growth hormone gene expressions of fish that were fed BSWB60 and GRO diets were significantly higher compared to the CON, OTC, and AMO diets. The interleukin-1β gene expression of fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, EFSH30, OTC, and GRO diets was significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON diet. The interleukin-10 gene expression of fish that were fed the BSSJ10, EFSH30, and GRO diets was significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON and AMO diets. Posterior intestinal histology of fish showed significantly higher villi length in fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, EFSH30, and GRO diets compared to the CON diet. After 15 days of challenge test with pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda, the cumulative survival rate of fish that were fed the BSSJ10, BSWB60, EFSH30, and GRO diets were significantly higher than those of fish that were fed the CON diet. Overall, the results indicate that dietary supplementation of B. subtilis (108 CFU/g diet), E. faecium (107 CFU/g diet), and processed yeast (GroPro-Aqua at 0.35% diet) could replace the antibiotics in terms of improving growth, immunity, gut health, and disease resistance in juvenile olive flounder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Dietary Probiotic Bacteria and Processed Yeast (GroPro-Aqua) as the Alternative of Antibiotics in Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

et al. 2022

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“…Fish cytokines are molecules involved in initiating and regulating the innate immune responses ( 66 , 67 ). Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are implicated in the inflammation process, apoptosis, and cell proliferation ( 68 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are implicated in the inflammation process, apoptosis, and cell proliferation ( 68 ). Moreover, TNF-α is the most immunologically significant molecule in the TNF family ( 66 ). The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ are from fish cytokines with pivotal immune functions ( 69 – 71 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunosuppressive Effects of Thallium Toxicity in Nile Tilapia Fingerlings: Elucidating the Rescue Role of Astragalus membranaceus Polysaccharides

et al. 2022

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This study evaluated the immunotoxic effects of thallium (Tl) in Nile tilapia fingerlings and the recovery role of dietary Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides (ASs). An 8-week experiment was designed where 180 fishes were randomly and equally assigned in triplicates into the six groups: the control group (CNT) was reared in unpolluted water and fed a commercial diet, two groups were fed a well-balanced commercial diet plus 1.5 and 3.0 g AS/kg diet (AS0.15 and AS0.30), respectively, the fourth group was exposed to a sublethal dose of Tl (41.9 μg l−1) [equal to 1/10 of 96-h lethal concentration 50 (LC50)], and the last two groups were fed 0.15 and 0.3% AS, respectively, and concurrently exposed to Tl (41.9 μg l−1) (AS0.15+Tl and AS0.30+Tl). Fish hematobiochemical parameters, serum immunity [nitric oxide, total immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, and lysozyme activity], transcription of hepatic interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) were assessed. Hematobiochemical parameters and serum immune indices were significantly decreased in the fish group exposed to sublethal Tl concentration compared to the CNT group. Furthermore, Tl exposure significantly induced overexpression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ genes (4.22-, 5.45-, and 4.57-fold higher, respectively) compared to CNT values. Tl exposure also increased the cumulative mortality (%) in Nile tilapia challenged with A. hydrophila. Remarkably, the groups fed AS0.15+Tl and AS0.30+Tl significantly ameliorated all the aforementioned parameters, but did not reach CNT values. Our findings suggest the possible immunomodulating roles of dietary AS in recovering the immunotoxic effects of Tl in Nile tilapia. We can conclude that dietary AS would be useful for maintaining the immunity of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

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“…Teleost fish have only three Ig isotypes: IgM, IgT/Z, and IgD (39), there is no switch of Igs in the secondary response, and the production of specific antibodies is temperature dependent (40, 41) (see section 3 for more details about the different functions of Igs). In the last decade our knowledge of the immune system of fish has notably increased (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53), and in parallel, that of the immune responses against fish parasitic flagellates (54, 55), microsporidians (56), ciliates (57)(58)(59)(60), helminths (61)(62)(63)(64), amoeba (65,66) and crustaceans (67)(68)(69). However, there are methodological difficulties that limit our understanding of fish immune responses in comparison to other vertebrates.…”

Section: General Aspects Of the Innate Immune Response Against Myxozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

et al. 2021

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Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.

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Fish cytokines: current research and applications

Cited by 98 publications

References 84 publications

Evaluation of Dietary Probiotic Bacteria and Processed Yeast (GroPro-Aqua) as the Alternative of Antibiotics in Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Evaluation of Dietary Probiotic Bacteria and Processed Yeast (GroPro-Aqua) as the Alternative of Antibiotics in Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Immunosuppressive Effects of Thallium Toxicity in Nile Tilapia Fingerlings: Elucidating the Rescue Role of Astragalus membranaceus Polysaccharides

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

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