Abstract:To what extent have national fiscal policies contributed to the decarbonisation of newly sold passenger cars? We construct a simple model that generates predictions regarding the effect of fiscal policies on average CO 2 emissions of new cars, and then test the model empirically. Our empirical strategy combines a diverse series of data. First, we use a large database of vehicle-specific taxes in 15 EU countries over 2001-2010 to construct a measure for the vehicle registration and annual road tax levels, and s… Show more
“…See, for instance, Busse et al (2013). Similarly, there is evidence that fiscal policies on CO 2 emission in Europe do affect consumer decisions (see Mabit, 2014 andGerlagh et al (2015)).…”
The IEB research program in Infrastructure and Transport promotes high quality research in those fields in order to assess the economic consequences of investment and policy decisions. The ultimate aim of the program is to generate socially useful knowledge in this important field that is useful to respond to major challenges. Research is methodologically based on the techniques of applied economic analysis, with topics chosen according to their relevance in guiding public policy. Infrastructures and transport policies are closely related with economic growth, public finance, environmental issues and distribution effects at a territorial level. Disseminating research outputs to a broadaudience is an important objective of the program, whose results must be relevant both at national and international level.The Barcelona Institute of Economics (IEB) is a research centre at the University of Barcelona (UB) which specializes in the field of applied economics. The IEB is a foundation funded by the following institutions: Applus, Abertis, Ajuntament de Barcelona, Diputació de Barcelona, Gas Natural, La Caixa and Universitat de Barcelona. The IEB working papers represent ongoing research that is circulated to encourage discussion and has not undergone a peer review process. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IEB. This paper estimates the role that technological change and car characteristics have played in the rate of fuel consumption of vehicles over time. Using data from the Spanish car market from 1988 to 2013, we estimate a reduced form equation that relates fuel consumption with a set of car characteristics. The results for the sales-weighted sample of vehicles show that energy efficiency would have improved by 32% and 40% for petrol and diesel cars respectively had car characteristics been held constant at 1988 values. However, the shift to bigger and more fuel-consuming cars reduced the gains from technological progress. Additionally, using the results of the fuel equation we show that, besides a natural growth rate of 1.1%, technological progress is affected by both the international price of oil and the adoption of mandatory emission standards. Moreover, according to our estimations, a 1% growth in GDP would modify car characteristics in such a way that fuel consumption would increase by around 0.23% for petrol cars and 0.35% for diesel cars.JEL Codes: L62, Q50, R4
“…See, for instance, Busse et al (2013). Similarly, there is evidence that fiscal policies on CO 2 emission in Europe do affect consumer decisions (see Mabit, 2014 andGerlagh et al (2015)).…”
The IEB research program in Infrastructure and Transport promotes high quality research in those fields in order to assess the economic consequences of investment and policy decisions. The ultimate aim of the program is to generate socially useful knowledge in this important field that is useful to respond to major challenges. Research is methodologically based on the techniques of applied economic analysis, with topics chosen according to their relevance in guiding public policy. Infrastructures and transport policies are closely related with economic growth, public finance, environmental issues and distribution effects at a territorial level. Disseminating research outputs to a broadaudience is an important objective of the program, whose results must be relevant both at national and international level.The Barcelona Institute of Economics (IEB) is a research centre at the University of Barcelona (UB) which specializes in the field of applied economics. The IEB is a foundation funded by the following institutions: Applus, Abertis, Ajuntament de Barcelona, Diputació de Barcelona, Gas Natural, La Caixa and Universitat de Barcelona. The IEB working papers represent ongoing research that is circulated to encourage discussion and has not undergone a peer review process. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IEB. This paper estimates the role that technological change and car characteristics have played in the rate of fuel consumption of vehicles over time. Using data from the Spanish car market from 1988 to 2013, we estimate a reduced form equation that relates fuel consumption with a set of car characteristics. The results for the sales-weighted sample of vehicles show that energy efficiency would have improved by 32% and 40% for petrol and diesel cars respectively had car characteristics been held constant at 1988 values. However, the shift to bigger and more fuel-consuming cars reduced the gains from technological progress. Additionally, using the results of the fuel equation we show that, besides a natural growth rate of 1.1%, technological progress is affected by both the international price of oil and the adoption of mandatory emission standards. Moreover, according to our estimations, a 1% growth in GDP would modify car characteristics in such a way that fuel consumption would increase by around 0.23% for petrol cars and 0.35% for diesel cars.JEL Codes: L62, Q50, R4
“…The compact structure of the high-density parking (e.g. with nearly half the parking area) allows reducing the: 1) travel distance/time (by 2 to 3 times for the CoA/Bottom strategy, 3 which is specially evident for 50% and 85% percentiles) despite the in-park mobility to allow the entry/exit of vehicles and 2) removal time as vehicles are parked closer to the exits, which improves the quality of the service provided to the end customer.…”
Section: Results (Dynamic Parameters) 1) Comparing Different Parkimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Car-based transport has proved unsustainable [2], consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and being greatly responsible for the phenomena of urban sprawl, which consumes natural habitat and agricultural lands. Most measures to mitigate the negative effects of a car-based society are centered on the use of fiscal policies to influence vehicle purchase decisions with a low CO 2 emissions figure often resulting in reduced taxation [3]. However, centering such policies on the potential emissions of each car captures only the environmental impact caused during the mobile existence of the vehicles, which typically represents only 5% of their The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Razi Iqbal .…”
Three main changes are currently taking place in the context of the automotive industry: electrification of vehicle propulsion, automated driving and a shift towards mobility as a service. While the first two represent opportunities for the industry growth, the later questions the private ownership of a car. Keeping the concept of a privately owned car will involve reducing the economical and environmental cost of such ownership. In this paper, we address the reduction of the parking footprint of cars, leveraging on electrification and low-level driving automation to more than double the density of cars parked in a given area, compared to conventional parking lots. We perform a complete evaluation of different strategies of vehicle coordination based on large-scale datasets of parking sessions in distinct scenarios and under varying demand patterns. Our results on the key metrics, namely area per vehicle, travel distance while parked, and removal time-clearly highlight the relevance and efficiency of this novel approach to parking. We also empirically derive guidelines for designing high-density parking systems (e.g. parking lot layout or capacity) and show the involved trade-offs. INDEX TERMS Autonomous vehicles, high-density parking, parking, path planning, vehicular networks.
“…Regarding the fuel taxes, they restrict the energy consumption in the transport sector, incentivizing consumers to buy more efficient cars and to change driving patterns, as well. Some other factors may affect the demand for more efficient engines and vehicle sizes, such as regulations limiting CO 2 emissions from new passenger cars sold; the economic situation, as with increasing income levels, consumers tend to buy more expensive cars; and both taxes and incentives regarding either the purchase or use of vehicles [3].…”
Section: Policy Instruments To Reduce Co 2 Vehicles Emissions: An Overviewmentioning
The transport sector is the biggest source of CO2 emissions in Europe. It is responsible for over a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions. Passenger vehicles, alone, account for nearly 41% of these emissions, resulting in human health impacts. To meet the Paris climate commitments, cars and vans should be decarbonized until 2050. Such a transformation requires general changes, such as how the vehicles are owned, taxed, and driven. The European Federation for Transport and Environment revealed that Mediterranean countries tend to emit less per vehicle compared to the northern and central Europeans. Intriguingly, this does not necessarily correspond to motorization rates. In this article, we assess whether the observed reductions in CO2 emissions in the Mediterranean countries can be attributed to vehicle taxation on CO2 emissions. We apply panel data econometric techniques using data on annual registrations from 2008 to 2018 and model the demand for new-vehicle purchases and their responsiveness to changes in both CO2-based taxation and circulation tax. Our results show the determinants of new-vehicle demand and the change in the emissions rate in each country under the taxation currently adopted. We found that fiscal policies can have an important role in reducing the emission in the Mediterranean countries.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.