First saccadic eye movement reveals persistent attentional guidance by implicit learning.

Jiang, Yuhong; Won, Bo-Yeong; Swallow, Khena M.

doi:10.1037/a0035961

Cited by 68 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…However, the removal of regularities alone was not sufficient to weaken the attentional bias to the initial regularities (Experiment 2), and in fact the bias was equally strong in both halves of exposure. This persistence effect is consistent with previous studies on probabilistic cueing which showed that attention was persistently drawn to a spatial location in which targets were initially more likely to appear (Jiang et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2014). The removal of the initial regularities coupled with the addition of new regularities reduced the attentional bias, but the bias had not reversed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The initial exposure to regularities can prioritize the processing of the regularities (Zhao et al, 2013), even when the regularities are no longer present (Jiang et al, 2013;Jiang, Won, & Swallow, 2014). In a probabilistic cueing study, participants detected a target which was more likely to appear in one quadrant (rich quadrant) than in other quadrants (sparse quadrants), and the detection was faster when the target appeared in the rich quadrant than in the sparse quadrants (Jiang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The persistence of the attentional bias to regularities in a changing environment

Zhao

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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The environment often is stable, but some aspects may change over time. The challenge for the visual system is to discover and flexibly adapt to the changes. We examined how attention is shifted in the presence of changes in the underlying structure of the environment. In six experiments, observers viewed four simultaneous streams of objects while performing a visual search task. In the first half of each experiment, the stream in the structured location contained regularities, the shapes in the random location were randomized, and gray squares appeared in two neutral locations. In the second half, the stream in the structured or the random location may change. In the first half of all experiments, visual search was facilitated in the structured location, suggesting that attention was consistently biased toward regularities. In the second half, this bias persisted in the structured location when no change occurred (Experiment 1), when the regularities were removed (Experiment 2), or when new regularities embedded in the original or novel stimuli emerged in the previously random location (Experiments 3 and 6). However, visual search was numerically but no longer reliably faster in the structured location when the initial regularities were removed and new regularities were introduced in the previously random location (Experiment 4), or when novel random stimuli appeared in the random location (Experiment 5). This suggests that the attentional bias was weakened. Overall, the results demonstrate that the attentional bias to regularities was persistent but also sensitive to changes in the environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The persistence of the attentional bias to regularities in a changing environment

Zhao

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Probability cuing in visual search tasks is coded in a head-centered reference frame, does not update with movements through space, and increases the number of first saccades to the rich region (Jiang & Swallow, 2013b; Jiang, Won, & Swallow, 2014). In addition, it appears to operate in a manner that is qualitatively different from goal-driven or explicit attentional biases (Jiang, Swallow, & Rosenbaum, 2013; Jiang, Swallow, & Sun, 2014; Jiang, Won, & Swallow, 2014). We have taken these findings to suggest that probability cuing influences how attention moves through space, by increasing the likelihood that it moves in a certain direction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The priority weights are determined by top-down factors, such as the observer's explicit goal, and bottom-up factors, such as perceptual saliency (Desimone & Duncan, 1995; Egeth & Yantis, 1997; Wolfe, 2007). In addition, one's past experience often guides spatial attention (Awh, Belopolsky, & Theeuwes, 2012; Chun, 2000; Hutchinson & Turk-Browne, 2012; Jiang, Swallow, Rosenbaum, & Herzig, 2013; Jiang, Won, & Swallow, 2014). Yet, unlike an explicit goal or perceptual saliency, previous experience includes a possibly infinite amount of information.…”

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confidence: 99%

Task specificity of attention training: the case of probability cuing

Jiang

Swallow

Won

et al. 2014

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Statistical regularities in our environment enhance perception and modulate the allocation of spatial attention. Surprisingly little is known about how learning-induced changes in spatial attention transfer across tasks. In this study, we investigated whether a spatial attentional bias learned in one task transfers to another. Most of the experiments began with a training phase in which a search target was more likely to be located in one quadrant of the screen than in the other quadrants. An attentional bias toward the high-probability quadrant developed during training (probability cuing). In a subsequent, testing phase, the target's location distribution became random. In addition, the training and testing phases were based on different tasks. Probability cuing did not transfer between visual search and a foraging-like task. However, it did transfer between various types of visual search tasks that differed in stimuli and difficulty. These data suggest that different visual search tasks share a common and transferrable learned attentional bias. However, this bias is not shared by high-level, decision-making tasks such as foraging.

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“…Attention and gaze can then be shifted to the location containing the most relevant information (e.g., highest attentional weight) for the current task (Wischnewski et al, 2010; Schneider, 2013). Alternatively, task-related memory can be used to shift attention and gaze directly to a retrieved target position without the need to process visual features (Foerster et al, 2011, 2012, Jiang et al, 2013, 2014). Especially, when performing well-known sensorimotor actions, strong memory codes are used to direct attention and gaze in a task-dependent manner (Foerster et al, 2011, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Task-Irrelevant Expectation Violations in Sequential Manual Actions: Evidence for a “Check-after-Surprise” Mode of Visual Attention and Eye-Hand Decoupling

Foerster

2016

Front. Psychol.

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When performing sequential manual actions (e.g., cooking), visual information is prioritized according to the task determining where and when to attend, look, and act. In well-practiced sequential actions, long-term memory (LTM)-based expectations specify which action targets might be found where and when. We have previously demonstrated (Foerster and Schneider, 2015b) that violations of such expectations that are task-relevant (e.g., target location change) cause a regression from a memory-based mode of attentional selection to visual search. How might task-irrelevant expectation violations in such well-practiced sequential manual actions modify attentional selection? This question was investigated by a computerized version of the number-connection test. Participants clicked on nine spatially distributed numbered target circles in ascending order while eye movements were recorded as proxy for covert attention. Target’s visual features and locations stayed constant for 65 prechange-trials, allowing practicing the manual action sequence. Consecutively, a task-irrelevant expectation violation occurred and stayed for 20 change-trials. Specifically, action target number 4 appeared in a different font. In 15 reversion-trials, number 4 returned to the original font. During the first task-irrelevant change trial, manual clicking was slower and eye scanpaths were larger and contained more fixations. The additional fixations were mainly checking fixations on the changed target while acting on later targets. Whereas the eyes repeatedly revisited the task-irrelevant change, cursor-paths remained completely unaffected. Effects lasted for 2–3 change trials and did not reappear during reversion. In conclusion, an unexpected task-irrelevant change on a task-defining feature of a well-practiced manual sequence leads to eye-hand decoupling and a “check-after-surprise” mode of attentional selection.

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First saccadic eye movement reveals persistent attentional guidance by implicit learning.

Cited by 68 publications

References 61 publications

The persistence of the attentional bias to regularities in a changing environment

The persistence of the attentional bias to regularities in a changing environment

Task specificity of attention training: the case of probability cuing

Task-Irrelevant Expectation Violations in Sequential Manual Actions: Evidence for a “Check-after-Surprise” Mode of Visual Attention and Eye-Hand Decoupling

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