First report on Bacterial Diversity of Potable Spring water of Indian Himalayan Region

Abstract

16Water quality of a region directly corroborates with the health index of people. People in the 17 Himalayan hills mainly depend upon the spring water for potability. To determine the microbial 18 ecology of the spring waters of Sikkim, the variable region of 16S rRNA has been sequenced 19 using Illumina MiSeq. Phylum wise annotation showed the East and North district are mostly 20 dominated by Proteobacteria (41% and 35.80%), whereas West and South district is dominated 21 by Planctomycetes (38.46%) and Verrucomicrobia (33%). The consistent dominance phyla in 22 the all the four districts were Bacteriodetes (34-24%) which was highest dominancy in North 23 district and lowest in wets district. Genus wise distribution showed the abundance of Brevifolis, 24 2 Flavobacterium, Verrucomicrobia subdivision3, Emticica, Cytophaga, Prosthecobacter, 25 Planctomycetes, Varivorax, Arcicella, Isosphera, Sedimunibacterium etc. The East district 26 showed highest dominancy of genus Emticicia whereas Planctomycetes in the West district. The 27North district was mainly dominated by genus Arcicella and Brevifollis in the South district. 28North on the antonymous showed totally different sets of microbial diversity. North district 29 showed an abundance of Arcicella, Planctomycetes, Schlerensia and Azohydromonas. The heat 30 map produced by Bray Curtis distance method produced three clusters which showed the close 31 relationship between West and East district microbiome that further related to South district. The 32 sample of North district formed out group that showed different community structure from other 33 three districts. The principle component analysis was showed that the east and South district 34 samples are closely related and distantly correlated to the west Sikkim, but the North district 35 showed completely different microbial community. The canonical correspondence analysis 36 showed correlation between bacterial diversity and hydrochemistry and it was found that the 37 bacterial diversity was influenced by the concentration of different metallic ions like sodium, 38 calcium, barium and iron. This is a first report from the Eastern Himalayan region of India and it 39 largely enhances our knowledge about the microbial structure of potable spring water of Eastern 40 Himalayan. This study is useful for Government of India as well as the state government to adopt 41 the different strategic treatment procedures to improve the quality of water that is supplied to the 42 community resides in the Himalayan regions and solely dependent on this untreated spring water. 43 44 45 46 47 48Microbial communities are the key members of many ecosystems on the earth 49 (Lagkouvardos et al., 2016). The word microbial communities can be described in the terms 50 of richness or evenness as well as composition i.e. abundance of taxa and genes in the sample 51 (Rothschild, 1991). They play a significant role in crucial biological functions ranging from 52 nitrogen and carbon cycles in the environment to regulation of metabolic...

The occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae in the well water of Nallur Divisional Secretariat area of Jaffna district, Sri Lanka

“…Similar observation was reported, in which faecal coliform, nitrate and phosphate concentration were negatively correlated to the distance from the toilet (Arnade, 1999). The severity of contamination is seasonal and the possibility is high in the rainy season (Singh et al, 2019) as the well water gets contaminated by the seepage flow of water from the septic tanks (Graham et al, 2013). In a flooding condition due to heavy rainfall, both wells and septic tanks can be in direct hydraulic connection if both are located nearby.…”

Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Pathogens in Potable Spring Water of Eastern Indian Himalayas: Emphasis on Virulence Gene and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli

“…Pharmaceuticals have improved the quality of life and public health, especially pharmaceutical products like antibiotics have acted as a wonder medicine that saved countless lives (Davies and Davies, 2010). However, excessive use of antibiotics in agriculture, animal husbandry, animals and humans worldwide plays a very important role in the emergence of ARB (Singh et al, 2018a;Almakki et al, 2019). Overuse of antibiotics has increased the accumulation of active antimicrobial compounds in the environment and favored the selection of ARGs and ARB (Almakki et al, 2019).…”

“…Treatment of infectious diseases has been revolutionized since the discovery, production and use of antimicrobial substances (Stange et al, 2016). However, the misuse of antimicrobial substances are the major cause of emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria (Singh et al, 2018a;Meng et al, 2020). Most of the antibiotics provided to humans for household purpose ends up in the sewage system from excretion and finally to water sources (Karkman et al, 2018).…”

“…The mountain springs, locally known as “ Dharas ,” are the natural discharges of groundwater from various aquifers ( Tambe et al, 2012 , 2013 ). About 80% of the total rural community is solely dependent on spring water for their domestic and potable purpose ( Tambe et al, 2012 ; Singh et al, 2018a , 2019 ). Sikkimese people use untreated spring water for their daily uses which is a major threat to public health, as these could serve as a reservoir of waterborne pathogens ( Tambe et al, 2013 ).…”