First Report of the Hop Cyst Nematode, Heterodera humuli, in Two Counties of the Yakima Valley Region, WA, U.S.A.

Abstract

Cyst nematodes are ranked as the second most damaging plant-parasitic nematode genus of crops worldwide (Jones et al. 2013). The hop cyst nematode, Heterodera humuli, has been reported to cause up to 38% reduction in dry hops per bine (Hay and Pethybridge 2003). America is the top hop producing country worldwide, with 75% of production occurring in Washington state, with the majority of this production occurring in the Yakima Valley region (USDA, 2019). In late 2019, 30 soil samples from 15 different fields were collected from the hop cvs. HBC 394, HBC 369, and YCR 14. Nematodes were extracted using an adapted centrifugal floatation method (Jenkins 1964) from 100 cc subsamples of soil. Twenty of these samples contained at least one cyst and 23 contained at least one juvenile. Body length of juveniles (n = 5) averaged + standard deviation 377.62 ± 4.76 μm which is consistent with H. humuli juvenile body measurements (Sen 1968). Three samples from Yakima County and two from Benton County were identified to the species level using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 5.8S gene. The sequences (GenBank accession numbers MT840678 to MT840682) were amplified using forward primer 5.8S-F (5’-GTGATTCCATTCACCAHCTACCTG-3’), and reverse primer 5.8S-R (5’-TTCGCACTAATTATCGCAGTTGG-3’). Sequence comparison with available ITS (5.8S) sequences in GenBank using BLAST showed 99.85% identity to H. humuli for all five samples. Because COI sequences of H. humuli are not available, to provide an additional marker for species identification, we amplified the COI sequences by using (forward primer Hete-COI-F (5’-TTTGGDCAYCCHGARGTTTATGTT-3’), and reverse primer Hete-COI-R (5’-AYWGTAAAAAGGRRAATAAAACC-3’) for these samples. Four COI sequences (GenBank accession numbers MT840683 to MT840686) were obtained. These COI sequences will be used to identify future H. humuli samples. To confirm pathogenicity, eight 1-gal pots were filled with a 90:10 play sand to potting soil mixture and one hop rhizome cv. ‘Centennial’ was planted in pots and maintained in a greenhouse. After above ground plant growth was observed, half the pots were inoculated with hand-picked H. humuli cysts from Yakima soil samples at a density of 10 cysts/100 cc of soil. The life cycle of H. humuli in potted experiments is 40 days (McNamara and Mende 1995). Forty-five days after inoculation, plant measurements were recorded and nematodes extracted from five 100 cc soil samples per pot as described above. Soil samples revealed that H. humuli populations had an average Reproductive Factor (RF = final nematode population/initial nematode population) of 2.08. Five cysts were crushed to determine eggs/cyst, which yielded an average of 101 eggs/cyst. Young infected hops lacked vigor, with all replicates stunted both in bine height and leaf length compared to healthy controls. Bine heights were reduced by an average of 40.4% in pots inoculated with H. humuli compared to control plants (P = 0.0016). Distribution of hop cyst within the United States is limited to the top four states for hop production: Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Michigan (Cobb 1962; Sen and Jensen 1967; Hafez et al. 2010, Warner and Bird, 2015). In 1962, Cobb reported H. humuli in Pierce County, Washington, but it had not been reported in Benton County and Yakima County until now. This is a significant finding that has the potential to impact the Washington state hop industry, valued at $475.7 million in 2019 (USDA, 2019). Due to the lack of known effective nematode control measures, the discovery of H. humuli in the major hop-growing region of Washington warrants concern.

First report of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infecting hops, Humulus lupulus, in São Paulo, Brazil

“…JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY the roots (Coolen and D'Herde, 1972) of hop plants. The plants were kept from a greenhouse, and the average temperature observed in the period was 24.0°C, with a maximum and minimum of 30.7 and 19.1°C, respectively.…”

“…The plants were kept from a greenhouse, and the average temperature observed in the period was 24.0°C, with a maximum and minimum of 30.7 and 19.1°C, respectively. After 90 days, the average total population recovered from the roots (Coolen and D'Herde, 1972) was 13,428 eggs and J2s, corresponding to a reproductive factor (RF) of 4.81 (Oostenbrink, 1966). Inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those initially observed in the field, as yellowish leaves, reduced development, and a large number of galls on the roots, while uninoculated plants showed normal development, without root galls, confirming that the hops are host of M. incognita.…”

“…Inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those initially observed in the field, as yellowish leaves, reduced development, and a large number of galls on the roots, while uninoculated plants showed normal development, without root galls, confirming that the hops are host of M. incognita. Nematodes in general have caused problems for the cultivation of hops in the world, be it Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera humuli, and Ditylenchus destructor (Darling et al, 2020;Foot and Wood, 1982;Lišková and Renčo, 2007;Renčo et al, 2010;Watson et al, 2020). There are reports of the occurrence of M. incognita in hops in Iran (Jamali et al, 2016), also presenting the typical symptom of root infestation.…”

“…1A, B). Samples of hop roots and soil (n = 4) were collected and analyzed in the Nematology Laboratory (LabNema) of FCAV/UNESP according to the methodology proposed by Coolen and D'Herde (1972) and Jenkins (1964). The population number of nematodes encountered in 10 g of roots was 19,075 eggs and 2,675 Meloidogyne sp.…”