First Report of Shallot latent virus in Garlic in Argentina

Abstract

Because of exclusively agamic propagation, garlic is commonly infected with a virus complex mainly composed of species within the genera Potyvirus, Allexivirus, and Carlavirus. This virus complex causes leaf striping that ranges from various shades of green to yellow and results in yield losses (2,4). Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus (potyviruses), Garlic virus A, Garlic virus C (allexiviruses), and Garlic common latent virus (carlavirus) have been detected in Argentina previously (1,2). Recently, Shallot latent virus (SLV; another carlavirus) was detected in 25 of 30 garlic plants (cv. Morado) growing in four different fields near Córdoba, Argentina by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA using BIOREBA (Reinach, Switzerland) antibodies. To confirm the presence of the virus, DAS-ELISA-positive plants were also analyzed by one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the Access RT-PCR system (Promega, Madison, WI) with specific primers reported by Tsuneyoshi et al. (3). RNA extractions were performed from 100 mg of leaves with the Qiagen RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Primers used were Car-V1 (5′-AAACCTTTTGGTTCACTTTAGG-3′); Car-V2 (5′-AGGTGCATTGTTATCATTACTGG-3′); and Car-Cp3 (5′-GCGTGCTATATTTAAGTTGCATAC-3′). Primer pairs Car-V1/Car-Cp3 and Car-V2/Car-Cp3 were used for the amplification of the coat protein (CP) gene of SLV and an isolate of SLV formerly known as Garlic latent virus, respectively. Fragments of 992 bp and 1,079 bp were amplified with these primer pairs, respectively. The RT-PCR products were cloned with the TOPO TA Cloning Kit in the 3.9-kb pCR-TOPO vector (Qiagen). The nucleotide sequences of both fragments were determined and were found to be identical (GenBank No. GU355922) showing 94.2% nt sequence identity with the CP gene of an isolate of SLV from Indonesian garlic (GenBank No. AB004686) formerly referred to as Garlic latent virus (3). Consequently, the Argentinean virus is now considered a garlic isolate of SLV. References: (1) E. Cafrune et al. Plant Dis. 90:898, 2006. (2) V. C. Conci. Virus y Fitoplasmas de Ajo. Page 267 in: 50 Temas Sobre Producción de Ajo. Vol. 3. J. L. Burba, ed. Ediciones INTA, Mendoza, Argentina. 1997. (3) T. Tsuneyoshi et al. Arch. Virol. 143:1093, 1998. (4) D. G. A. Walkey and D. N. Antill. J. Hortic. Sci. 64:53, 1989.

Hot Water Treatment on Shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) Tuber to Suppress Viruses Infection in The Field

“…Beberapa jenis patogen, termasuk dari kelompok virus, dilaporkan dapat menginfeksi umbi bawang merah dan bersifat tular umbi. Dari beberapa penelitian dan publikasi diketahui bahwa virus yang paling banyak ditemukan dan menginfeksi pada tanaman bawang-bawangan adalah keompok Potyvirus, yaitu Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV) dan Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV); kelompok Carlavirus, yaitu Shallot latent virus (SLV) dan Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV); dan kelompok Allexivirus, yaitu Shallot mite borne latent virus (MbLV), Garlic virus-B (Gar-V-B), Garlic virus-C (Gar-V-C), Garlic virus-D (Gar-V-D) dan Garlic mosaic virus (GMV) (Diekmann, 1997;Shahraeen et al, 2008;Torrico et al, 2010;Bagi et al, 2012;Sevik dan Ackura, 2013;Swari et al, 2015;Smekalova, 2017). Virus yang menginfeksi bawang merah di Indonesia pertama kali dilaporkan oleh Sutarya et al (1993) yaitu OYDV, LYSV, dan SLV dengan insidensi penyakit berkisar antara 29.75% sampai 76.33%.…”

Training for peace, conscientization through university simulation

“…Besides knowledge of the UN, peacekeeping, mission mandates and general rules and regulations, the report pointed to the need to enhance the following skills: knowledge/ skill transfer, mentoring and advising; analytical skills and problem solving; conflict management; communication skills, both oral and written; and performance management (UN (United Nations) 2013, 18-19). 1 In a USIP Special Report, Carstarphen et al (2010) has identified a mismatch between the expectations of employers in the field of peace and conflict resolution and the profile of students who completed their postgraduate education in that field. Academic institutions and employers tend to identify different sets of KSAs and to assess differently their relative importance in the education of students.…”

“…Indeed, addressing the training gaps identified by the TNA was assessed to be 'critical to effective mandate implementation' (UN (United Nations) 2013, 39). In a 2010 report, the United States Institute for Peace (USIP) compared the KSAs provided by postgraduate university programmes in the USA in the field of peace studies and conflict resolution with the needs of the agencies and organisations that hire their students afterwards (Carstarphen et al 2010). Similarly, they identified an important gap between university curricula that tend to focus primarily on theories and the needs of employers who search for candidates with field experience and professional skills.…”

Deteksi Virus Utama Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih dari Daerah Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah

“…Bawang merah dan bawang putih di Indonesia selalu diperbanyak secara vegetatif sehingga potensi virus yang ditularkan melalui umbi sangat tinggi. Virus tular umbi benih yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada tanaman bawang di antaranya ialah Shallot latent virus (SLV) dan Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) (Torrico et al 2010;Bagi et al 2012). Kelompok virus yang umum menginfeksi tanaman bawang-bawangan berasal dari genus Carlavirus, Potyvirus, dan Allexivirus.…”