First report of <i>Phytophthora pluvialis</i> in Europe causing resinous cankers on western hemlock

Pérez-Sierra, A.M.; Chitty, Ruth; Eacock, Amy; Jones, B.; Biddle, Mick; Crampton, M. J.; Lewis, Alex; Olivieri, Leone; Webber, Joan

doi:10.1002/ndr2.12064

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Sarg. (western hemlock) in the United Kingdom (Pérez-Sierra et al 2022). In New Zealand, the pathogen was first detected in the eastern North Island in 2008 (Dick et al 2014) and is now found throughout the country (Graham et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection periods of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae in relation to weather variables and season in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand

Hood¹,

Husheer²,

Gardner³

et al. 2022

NZJFS

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Background: Red needle cast caused by Phytophthora pluvialis Reeser, Sutton & E. Hansen, and less frequently P. kernoviae Brasier, Beales & S.A.Kirk, is an important foliar disease of Pinus radiata D.Don (radiata pine) in plantations throughout parts of New Zealand. Significant growth loss occurs following years when severe outbreaks occur. Aerial spraying with a copper-based fungicide has potential for disease control. Research is being carried out to optimise application timing, supported by complementary studies to understand RNC epidemiology. Methods: In order to determine the pathogen infection periods, a field trial was conducted over two years at two forests in the Central North Island of New Zealand. Batches of potted radiata pine seedlings were placed beneath diseased pine stands at fortnightly intervals, before returning them to an open nursery area for assessments of infection every two weeks (based on visual symptoms and qPCR) over a period of three months. A hybrid modelling approach was employed to establish relationships between the proportion of plants showing symptoms and weather conditions during the fortnight of exposure and previous fortnights. Gradient boosting machine learning analyses were used to identify the most important weather variables, followed by analysis of these by generalised mixed effects models, generalised least square models and ordinary least square models. Results: Development of RNC symptoms and detection of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae on exchange seedlings was greatest for those exposed between April and September (Southern Hemisphere mid-autumn to early-spring). At this time, temperatures, solar radiation and evapotranspiration were lower, and rainfall and foliage wetness were plentiful. Modelling identified temperature and relative humidity several months before the date of exposure as the most important weather variables explaining infection. Conclusions: Because of autocorrelation, it was not possible to determine those variables that drive sporulation, dispersal, infection and symptom development. This will require more detailed exchange plant studies together with controlled environment inoculation experiments. Nevertheless, results of this and earlier work complement recent research indicating that it may be possible to manage RNC by fungicide applications made in late summer or autumn, early in the annual disease cycle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection periods of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae in relation to weather variables and season in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand

Hood¹,

Husheer²,

Gardner³

et al. 2022

NZJFS

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“…Of note is that P. nemorosa has recently been detected once in Belgium (Kurt Heungens, personal communication), as well as in Croatia on nursery stock imported from another EU country (Zeljko Tomić, personal communication). The final species in the clade, P. pluvialis , was first reported from Oregon (Reeser et al., 2013 ), has been introduced to New Zealand (Dick et al., 2014 ; Tabima et al., 2021 ) and has recently been reported from the United Kingdom (Pérez‐Sierra et al., 2022 ) and Belgium (Pirronitto et al., 2024 ). The species was believed to originate from western North America, but it is possible that its origins lie elsewhere, particularly given its destructive behaviour to North American conifer species both in North America and the United Kingdom.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography, origin and population structure of the self‐fertile emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora pseudosyringae

Mullett,

Harris,

Scanu

et al. 2024

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Phytophthora pseudosyringae is a self‐fertile pathogen of woody plants, particularly associated with tree species from the genera Fagus, Notholithocarpus, Nothofagus and Quercus, which is found across Europe and in parts of North America and Chile. It can behave as a soil pathogen infecting roots and the stem collar region, as well as an aerial pathogen infecting leaves, twigs and stem barks, causing particular damage in the United Kingdom and western North America. The population structure, migration and potential outcrossing of a worldwide collection of isolates were investigated using genotyping‐by‐sequencing. Coalescent‐based migration analysis revealed that the North American population originated from Europe. Historical gene flow has occurred between the continents in both directions to some extent, yet contemporary migration is overwhelmingly from Europe to North America. Two broad population clusters dominate the global population of the pathogen, with a subgroup derived from one of the main clusters found only in western North America. Index of association and network analyses indicate an influential level of outcrossing has occurred in this preferentially inbreeding, homothallic oomycete. Outcrossing between the two main population clusters has created distinct subgroups of admixed individuals that are, however, less common than the main population clusters. Differences in life history traits between the two main population clusters should be further investigated together with virulence and host range tests to evaluate the risk each population poses to natural environments worldwide.

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“…Following a report of Phytophthora pluvialis in the United Kingdom in 2021 (Pérez‐Sierra et al., 2022), surveillance for this forest pathogen started in 2023 in southern Belgium. Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) was surveyed as it is an economically important conifer species and a major host for P. pluvialis .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Phytophthora pluvialis in Douglas fir plantations in Belgium

Pirronitto,

Paquet,

Gaucet

et al. 2024

New Disease Reports

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Following a report of Phytophthora pluvialis in the United Kingdom in 2021 (Pérez-Sierra et al., 2022), surveillance for this forest pathogen started in 2023 in southern Belgium. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) was surveyed as it is an economically important conifer species and a major host for P. pluvialis. Fifteen Douglas fir plantations close to streams were visited between May and October. Two monitoring methods were used: checking trees for symptoms of the disease (shoot dieback, resinous cankers, needle loss) and baiting in streams using a qPCR detection method developed by McDougal et al. (2021). Baiting was done using Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) twigs placed in cheesecloth bags attached to the riverbank which were left floating on the water surface in the river for two weeks.F I G U R E 1 Morphological features of Phytophthora pluvialis: a) colony on carrot agar after10 days; b) hyphal swellings on carrot agar; and c) oogonium and amphigynous antheridium This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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First report of Phytophthora pluvialis in Europe causing resinous cankers on western hemlock

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Infection periods of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae in relation to weather variables and season in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand

Infection periods of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae in relation to weather variables and season in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand

Phylogeography, origin and population structure of the self‐fertile emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora pseudosyringae

First report of Phytophthora pluvialis in Douglas fir plantations in Belgium

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