Infection periods of Phytophthora pluvialis and Phytophthora kernoviae in relation to weather variables and season in Pinus radiata forests in New Zealand

Abstract

Background: Red needle cast caused by Phytophthora pluvialis Reeser, Sutton & E. Hansen, and less frequently P. kernoviae Brasier, Beales & S.A.Kirk, is an important foliar disease of Pinus radiata D.Don (radiata pine) in plantations throughout parts of New Zealand. Significant growth loss occurs following years when severe outbreaks occur. Aerial spraying with a copper-based fungicide has potential for disease control. Research is being carried out to optimise application timing, supported by complementary studies to understand RNC epidemiology. Methods: In order to determine the pathogen infection periods, a field trial was conducted over two years at two forests in the Central North Island of New Zealand. Batches of potted radiata pine seedlings were placed beneath diseased pine stands at fortnightly intervals, before returning them to an open nursery area for assessments of infection every two weeks (based on visual symptoms and qPCR) over a period of three months. A hybrid modelling approach was employed to establish relationships between the proportion of plants showing symptoms and weather conditions during the fortnight of exposure and previous fortnights. Gradient boosting machine learning analyses were used to identify the most important weather variables, followed by analysis of these by generalised mixed effects models, generalised least square models and ordinary least square models. Results: Development of RNC symptoms and detection of Phytophthora pluvialis and P. kernoviae on exchange seedlings was greatest for those exposed between April and September (Southern Hemisphere mid-autumn to early-spring). At this time, temperatures, solar radiation and evapotranspiration were lower, and rainfall and foliage wetness were plentiful. Modelling identified temperature and relative humidity several months before the date of exposure as the most important weather variables explaining infection. Conclusions: Because of autocorrelation, it was not possible to determine those variables that drive sporulation, dispersal, infection and symptom development. This will require more detailed exchange plant studies together with controlled environment inoculation experiments. Nevertheless, results of this and earlier work complement recent research indicating that it may be possible to manage RNC by fungicide applications made in late summer or autumn, early in the annual disease cycle.

Efficacy and optimal timing of low-volume aerial applications of copper fungicides for the control of red needle cast of pine

“…Both species were detected at the trial sites, and, at times, P. kernoviae seemed to be more abundant. This is a similar pattern to that seen in the same forest by Hood et al (2022). Phytophthora kernoviae has a long history in the forest where the trials took place, having been first isolated from there in the 1950s (McAlonan 1970;Ramsfield et al 2007).…”

“…Inoculum is predominantly detected in the coolest and wettest months of the year, with a peak between June and August, and little detection in the warmer and drier summer months (Fraser et al 2020). A similar pattern has also been seen for infection (Hood et al 2022). It has been suggested therefore that copper applications in autumn (March-May), which protect needles for the first three months of the RNC season, may be most effective (Fraser et al 2020;Hood et al 2022;Rolando et al 2019) with potential benefits from a second application three months later.…”

“…A similar pattern has also been seen for infection (Hood et al 2022). It has been suggested therefore that copper applications in autumn (March-May), which protect needles for the first three months of the RNC season, may be most effective (Fraser et al 2020;Hood et al 2022;Rolando et al 2019) with potential benefits from a second application three months later.…”

“…Phytophthora kernoviae has a long history in the forest where the trials took place, having been first isolated from there in the 1950s (McAlonan 1970;Ramsfield et al 2007). Both P. pluvialis and P. kernoviae seem to have a similar sensitivity to copper (Rolando et al 2017) and similar epidemic behaviour (Fraser et al 2020;Hood et al 2022) and we may expect copper to have a similar operational efficacy against both. However, these trials should be replicated in areas where P. pluvialis is more dominant, such as in forests on the east coast of the North Island (Fraser et al 2020), to provide greater confidence in the generalisability of our results.…”

“…Despite P. pluvialis being the more common cause of RNC nationally (Dick et al 2014;Fraser et al 2020), both Phytophthora species co-occur at certain sites (Fraser et al 2020;Hood et al 2022), and P. kernoviae is found independently at others (Fraser et al 2020). Both species were detected at the trial sites, and, at times, P. kernoviae seemed to be more abundant.…”