First Report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian Tiger Mosquito, in Ecuador

Ponce, Patricio; Morales, Diego; Argoti, Adriana; Cevallos, Varsovia

doi:10.1093/jme/tjx165

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The recent documentation of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in Guayaquil, Ecuador raises further concern with local public health officials, as this species is also capable of vectoring the same viruses as Ae. aegypti in Ecuador [19,20]. Despite the presence of competent vectors, targeted control has the potential to mitigate the effects of disease outbreaks, as was seen with the local elimination of malaria transmission at the Ecuador-Peru border, thus demonstrating the efficacy of consistently applied case surveillance and vector control programs [21].…”

Section: Vector Control and Mosquito-borne Diseases In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

A network analysis framework to improve the delivery of mosquito abatement services in Machala, Ecuador

et al. 2020

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Background: Vector-borne disease places a high health and economic burden in the American tropics. Comprehensive vector control programs remain the primary method of containing local outbreaks. With limited resources, many vector control operations struggle to serve all affected communities within their districts. In the coastal city of Machala, Ecuador, vector control services, such as application of larvicides and truck-mounted fogging, are delivered through two deployment facilities managed by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Health. Public health professionals in Machala face several logistical issues when delivering mosquito abatement services, namely applying limited resources in ways that will most effectively suppress vectors of malaria, dengue, and encephalitis viruses.Methods: Using a transportation network analysis framework, we built models of service areas and optimized delivery routes based on distance costs associated with accessing neighborhoods throughout the city. Optimized routes were used to estimate the relative cost of accessing neighborhoods for mosquito control services in Machala, creating a visual tool to guide decision makers and maximize mosquito control program efficiency. Location-allocation analyses were performed to evaluate efficiency gains of moving service deployment to other available locations with respect to distance to service hub, neighborhood population, dengue incidence, and housing condition.Results: Using this framework, we identified different locations for targeting mosquito control efforts, dependent upon management goals and specified risk factors of interest, including human population, housing condition, and reported dengue incidence. Our models indicate that neighborhoods on the periphery of Machala with the poorest housing conditions are the most costly to access. Optimal locations of facilities for deployment of control services change depending on pre-determined management priorities, increasing the population served via inexpensive routes up to 34.9%, and reducing overall cost of accessing neighborhoods up to 12.7%. Conclusions:Our transportation network models indicate that current locations of mosquito control facilities in Machala are not ideal for minimizing driving distances or maximizing populations served. Services may be optimized by moving vector control operations to other existing public health facilities in Machala. This work represents a first step in creating a spatial tool for planning and critically evaluating the systematic delivery of mosquito control services in Machala and elsewhere.

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Section: Vector Control and Mosquito-borne Diseases In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

A network analysis framework to improve the delivery of mosquito abatement services in Machala, Ecuador

et al. 2020

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“…aegypti arrived in Ecuador originally from Africa to Asia and afterwards to the Americas, the same pattern reported for ancestral populations (Bracco et al 2007, Costa-da-Silva et al 2005, Paupy et al 2012). Aedes aegypti may have arrived in Ecuador through the seaports in the Pacific coast, especially Guayaquil, as it suggests the first detection of Aedes albopictus in this city (Ponce et al 2018). Aedes aegypti apparently spreads from the Pacific lowlands to Galápagos and to the Amazon basin lowlands, and this process may be constant and dynamic due to human mobility and goods trade that promote the dispersal of the mosquito.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aedes aegypti was pointed as the vector responsible of the transmission of dengue in the region including Bolivia (1987), Paraguay (1988), Ecuador (1988), and Peru (1990) (Pan American Health Organization 1993, Wilson and Chen 2002). Aedes aegypti has been the only known vector of DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV in Ecuador until recently, when Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) was also reported (Ponce et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation ofAedes aegyptipopulations from Ecuador

Cevallos¹,

Benítez²,

Coloma³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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33This is the first genetic analysis in Ecuador of Aedes aegypti using fragments of mitochondrial 34 genes, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total 35 of 154 mosquitoes from 23 localities were collected in the Pacific coastal lowlands, Amazon 36 basin lowlands, and the Galápagos Islands from 2012 to 2019. The analysis of fragments of the 37 genes COI (672 bp) and ND4 (262 bp) and concatenated analysis of both COI and ND4 showed 38 two haplotypes (H1, H2) present in Ecuador mainland and the Galápagos Islands. The 39 phylogenetic analysis identified two well-supported clades. Combined analysis of both genes 40 from ten localities also resulted in two haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity, neutrality tests 41 (Tajima´s test D, Fu and Li´s F*and D*) and AMOVA analysis of the entire data set suggest 42 balancing selection for both genes. The results indicate genetic variation without geographical 43 restriction. COI-H1 grouped with sequences from the Americas, West and Central Africa, East 44 Africa, Asia, and Australia. ND4-H1 grouped with similar sequences from the Americas, Asia 45 and West Africa. COI-H2 grouped with sequences from Asia and the Americas. ND4-H2 46 grouped with sequences from the Americas. We report overlapping peaks in four sequences that 47 suggest heteroplasmy in the individuals. The origin of the populations of Aedes aegypti in 48Ecuador show African genetic origin and are widely present in several countries in the Americas. 49

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“…Finally, recent reports have documented for the first time the presence of Aedes albopictus , the Asian tiger mosquito, in the nearby city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. 77 Efforts are needed to monitor the emergence and spread of the mosquito vector and its role in arbovirus transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Burden of Dengue Fever and Chikungunya in Southern Coastal Ecuador: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Phylogenetics from the First Two Years of a Prospective Study

Stewart-Ibarra

Ryan

Kenneson

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.Here, we report the findings from the first 2 years (2014–2015) of an arbovirus surveillance study conducted in Machala, Ecuador, a dengue-endemic region. Patients with suspected dengue virus (DENV) infections (index cases, N = 324) were referred from five Ministry of Health clinical sites. A subset of DENV-positive index cases (N = 44) were selected, and individuals from the index household and four neighboring homes within 200 m were recruited (N = 400). Individuals who entered the study, other than the index cases, are referred to as associates. In 2014, 70.9% of index cases and 35.6% of associates had acute or recent DENV infections. In 2015, 28.3% of index cases and 12.8% of associates had acute or recent DENV infections. For every DENV infection captured by passive surveillance, we detected an additional three acute or recent DENV infections in associates. Of associates with acute DENV infections, 68% reported dengue-like symptoms, with the highest prevalence of symptomatic acute infections in children aged less than 10 years. The first chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections were detected on epidemiological week 12 in 2015; 43.1% of index cases and 3.5% of associates had acute CHIKV infections. No Zika virus infections were detected. Phylogenetic analyses of isolates of DENV from 2014 revealed genetic relatedness and shared ancestry of DENV1, DENV2, and DENV4 genomes from Ecuador with those from Venezuela and Colombia, indicating the presence of viral flow between Ecuador and surrounding countries. Enhanced surveillance studies, such as this, provide high-resolution data on symptomatic and inapparent infections across the population.

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First Report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian Tiger Mosquito, in Ecuador

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

A network analysis framework to improve the delivery of mosquito abatement services in Machala, Ecuador

A network analysis framework to improve the delivery of mosquito abatement services in Machala, Ecuador

Genetic variation ofAedes aegyptipopulations from Ecuador

The Burden of Dengue Fever and Chikungunya in Southern Coastal Ecuador: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Phylogenetics from the First Two Years of a Prospective Study

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