First report and molecular identification of
            <i>Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax</i>
            outbreak in cattle population from Ecuador

Chávez-Larrea, María Augusta; Medina-Pozo, Michell Lorena; Cholota-Iza, Cristina; Jumbo-Moreira, Jimmy R; Saegerman, Claude; Proaño-Pérez, Freddy; Ron-Román, Jorge; Reyna-Bello, Armando

doi:10.1111/tbed.13906

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…AT is considered a major constraint on agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa; it is estimated to infect over 70 million cattle annually and is responsible for production losses that total billions of dollars per year ( 2 , 3 ). T. vivax is a cause of concern in Central and South America where its geographical distribution has grown in recent years ( 4 – 6 ). Current estimates indicate that over 11 million cattle are at risk of infection in the extensive cattle ranching areas of the Brazilian Pantanal and Bolivian lowlands alone ( 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of the 7SL sRNA Diagnostic Test for Animal Trypanosomiasis

et al. 2022

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Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a significant livestock disease, affecting millions of animals across Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and Asia, and is caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma vivax, and Trypanosoma congolense, with the largest economic impact in cattle. There is over-reliance on presumptive chemotherapy due to inadequate existing diagnostic tests, highlighting the need for improved AT diagnostics. A small RNA species, the 7SL sRNA, is excreted/secreted by trypanosomes in infected animals, and has been previously shown to reliably diagnose active infection. We sought to explore key properties of 7SL sRNA RT-qPCR assays; namely, assessing the potential for cross-reaction with the widespread and benign Trypanosoma theileri, directly comparing assay performance against currently available diagnostic methods, quantitatively assessing specificity and sensitivity, and assessing the rate of decay of 7SL sRNA post-treatment. Results showed that the 7SL sRNA RT-qPCR assays specific for T. brucei, T. vivax, and T. congolense performed better than microscopy and DNA PCR in detecting infection. The 7SL sRNA signal was undetectable or significantly reduced by 96-h post treatment; at 1 × curative dose there was no detectable signal in 5/5 cattle infected with T. congolense, and in 3/5 cattle infected with T. vivax, with the signal being reduced 14,630-fold in the remaining two T. vivax cattle. Additionally, the assays did not cross-react with T. theileri. Finally, by using a large panel of validated infected and uninfected samples, the species-specific assays are shown to be highly sensitive and specific by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 96.44–100%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 96.53–100%), 96.73% (95% CI, 95.54–99.96%) and 99.19% specificity (95% CI, 92.58–99.60%), and 93.42% (95% CI, 85.51–97.16% %) and 82.43% specificity (95% CI, 72.23–89.44% %) for the T brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax assays, respectively, under the conditions used. These findings indicate that the 7SL sRNA has many attributes that would be required for a potential diagnostic marker of AT: no cross-reaction with T. theileri, high specificity and sensitivity, early infection detection, continued signal even in the absence of detectable parasitaemia in blood, and clear discrimination between infected and treated animals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of the 7SL sRNA Diagnostic Test for Animal Trypanosomiasis

et al. 2022

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“…Trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma vivax remains a major constraint to livestock production in many countries of South America (Chávez‐Larrea et al., 2020; Garcia et al., 2020; Gonzatti et al., 2014) and Africa (Mossaad et al., 2020; Nakayima et al., 2013; Rodrigues et al., 2017). In landscapes of the New World, T. vivax is only mechanically transmitted by biting flies, mainly tabanids and stomoxes, as well as the iatrogenic route through the sharing of needles or surgical instruments during veterinary procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diagnosis of T. vivax trypanosomosis should rely on highly sensitive and specific methods capable of detecting cryptically infected animals that can serve as healthy carriers, and to distinguish between T. vivax and T. evansi , which is also endemic in the Chaco (Monzón et al., 1995). Several PCR assays have successfully detected T. vivax in livestock from Brazil, Venezuela and Ecuador, including conventional PCR assays targeting cathepsin L genes (TviCATL‐PCR) (Chávez‐Larrea et al., 2020; Cortez et al., 2009; Fidelis Junior et al., 2019; Garcia et al., 2016; Reis et al., 2019) and LAMP (Cadioli et al., 2015; Fidelis Junior et al., 2019). We recently combined the species‐specific TviCATL‐PCR and a simplified fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) method followed by microsatellite analysis to detect and genotype T. vivax in cattle and buffaloes from lowlands of the Brazilian Amazonia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas

Florentin

Perez

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Argentina is a home to millions of beef and dairy cattle and is one of the world's major exporters of meat. In the present study, Trypanosoma vivax was prevalent (2016–2018) in two major livestock farming regions, the Gran Chaco and the Pampas. In the Gran Chaco, 29% and 51% of animals (n = 72, taurine x zebuine crossbreed) were, respectively, positive by TviCATL‐PCR and the more sensitive fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) method. While 18.4/38.8% of breeding cows (n = 49) tested positive by PCR/FFLB, infection increased to 52.2/78.3% in an outbreak of acute infection in steers (n = 23, taurine breed) brought from a non‐endemic area. In the Pampas, overall infection rates in dairy cows (n = 54, taurine breed) were comparable (p > .01) between PCR (66.7%) and FFLB (62.9%) and showed a remarkable increase (PCR / FFLB) from 48.3/44.8% in 2017 to 88/84% in 2018. Infected dairy cattle exhibited anaemia, fever, anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes, emaciation and neurological signs. In contrast, beef cows (taurine x zebuine crossbreed) from the Pampas (n = 30) were asymptomatic despite exhibiting 16.7% (PCR) and 53.3% (FFLB) infection rates. Microsatellite genotyping revealed a remarkable microheterogeneity, seven genotypes in the Gran Chaco, nine in the Pampas and five shared between both regions, consistent with regular movement of T. vivax infected livestock. Data gathered in our study support the Gran Chaco being an endemic area for T. vivax, whereas the Pampas emerged as an outbreak area of acute infection in dairy cattle with critical negative impact in milk production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study of T. vivax in Argentina, and results indicated the need for preventive measures to control T. vivax spread from the Gran Chaco to vast livestock farming areas across Argentina.

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“…Trypanosoma vivax is a hemoprotozoan that survives in the blood plasma of its hosts and has been causing damage to beef and dairy cattle producers in various regions of the world (Oliveira et al, 2009;Bastos et al, 2020a;Chávez-Larrea et al, 2020). Regarding the mode of transmission of this parasite to cattle, in Africa it occurs with the participation of biological vectors such as the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many cattle can be infected by Trypanosoma vivax by reusing the same needle and syringe, and what is the viability time of this protozoan in injectable veterinary products?

et al. 2021

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It was investigated how many cattle become infected with Trypanosoma vivax by subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) routes, using the same syringe and needle from an animal with acute T. vivax infection. Besides, the T. vivax viability in 109 injectable veterinary drugs (antibiotics, antiparasitics, reproductive hormones, vitamin complex and derivatives, vaccines, anaesthetics, anti-inflammatory/antipyretics, antitoxics). In the field assay, four groups were performed: T01, T02 and T03 animals that received saline solution with the same syringe and needle contaminated with T. vivax via SC, IM and IV routes, respectively, and T04 control animals that received only saline solution with the same syringe and needle IV. In the laboratory, drugs had their pH measured and T. vivax viability verified. The number of cattle infected with T. vivax via SC (3/20) was lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to via IM (9/20), which was lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to IV (15/20). The solution pH did not influence T. vivax viability. In 44% (48/109) of the products, T. vivax remained viable regardless of time, stooding out that in 100% of oxytocins the protozoan was verified, at some evaluation times. The mean of T. vivax quantified in foot-and-mouth and brucellosis vaccines and in doramectin-based products were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than found in blood + saline solution.

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First report and molecular identification of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax outbreak in cattle population from Ecuador

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of the 7SL sRNA Diagnostic Test for Animal Trypanosomiasis

Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of the 7SL sRNA Diagnostic Test for Animal Trypanosomiasis

Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas

How many cattle can be infected by Trypanosoma vivax by reusing the same needle and syringe, and what is the viability time of this protozoan in injectable veterinary products?

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