First outbreaks and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry flocks in Morocco

Houadfi, Mohammed El; Fellahi, Siham; Nassik, Saadia; Guérin, Jean‐Luc; Ducatez, Mariette

doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0596-1

Cited by 54 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Although considerable genotypic heterogeneity is present, the HA genes from the A(H9N2) viruses most frequently isolated from gallinaceous poultry fall into three dominant genetic groups represented by A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1 lineage), A/chicken/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Y280 lineage), and A/chicken/Beijing/1/94 (Ck/Bei lineage) . While the geographic range of the Y280 and Ck/Bei lineages has remained relatively confined, viruses of the G1 lineage spread from Southeast Asia to the Indian subcontinent in the late 1990s, through the Middle East soon after, and more recently into Northern Africa . In Africa, widespread reports of A(H9N2) viruses in Egypt began in 2011, although other studies suggested that the virus was likely present earlier and quickly became endemic cocirculating with A(H5N1) viruses .…”

Section: Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay Of A(h9n2) Viruses From Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It appeared that a similar time frame likely existed for A(H9N2) viruses in Libya and Tunisia, although lack of longitudinal regular surveillance, as was implemented in Egypt, makes it difficult to determine the full impact of these viruses in these countries. Further, A(H9N2) viruses were detected in chickens in Morocco in 2016 …”

Section: Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay Of A(h9n2) Viruses From Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, A(H9N2) viruses were detected in chickens in Morocco in 2016. 5 As well as impacting veterinary health, A(H9N2) viruses have also been sporadically isolated from humans 10 and represent a continuous zoonotic and potentially pandemic threat. 11,12 Studies have also shown that a small number of amino acid changes can impart sustained ferret airborne transmission to an A(H9N2) virus, a phenotype considered required of a pandemic virus.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A(H9N2) influenza viruses associated with chicken mortality in outbreaks in Algeria 2017

Jeevan

Darnell

Gradi³

et al. 2019

Influenza Resp Viruses

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In late 2017, increased mortality was detected in chicken farms in Algeria undergoing A(H9N2) influenza outbreaks. Analysis of viruses isolated from affected farms showed that they were monophyletic, were of the G1 hemagglutinin (HA) lineage, and were antigenically and genetically similar to viruses detected contemporaneously in other countries in Northern Africa and the Middle East. The virus was able to spread via contact transmission between ferrets but did not cause disease in intravenously inoculated chickens.

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Section: Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay Of A(h9n2) Viruses From Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay Of A(h9n2) Viruses From Almentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A(H9N2) influenza viruses associated with chicken mortality in outbreaks in Algeria 2017

Jeevan

Darnell

Gradi³

et al. 2019

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…The HA gene sequences of the retrieved IAV samples identified AIV H9N2 subtype in the affected poultry flocks in the country. This was the first report of H9N2 subtype from the country, which inflicted severe respiratory disease and high mortality among poultry flocks [225].…”

Section: Moroccomentioning

confidence: 91%

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

et al. 2020

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Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.

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“…Respiratory and enteric diseases are considered the major diseases facing the poultry industry globally and cause massive economic and production losses (Kabir, 2010;Nolan et al, 2013). These diseases are due to viruses, such as avian influenza (Bertran et al, 2016;El Houadfi et al, 2016), bacteria, such as E. coli , Salmonella species (Kabir, 2010) and parasites, such as coccidia ).…”

Section: The Poultry Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, a localised or systemic infection resulting in clinical diseases such as colisepticemia, chronic respiratory disease and swollen-head syndrome. Globally, avian colibacillosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, and it has been associated with massive economic losses and welfare problems.This organism is of public health significance as APEC is communicable to humans. The diagnosis of avian colibacillosis relies on clinical signs, typical pathological lesions and culture of E. coli from affected tissue(s). Antimicrobial therapy is often used both for treatment and control. Previous overseas studies have characterised APEC and identified virulence genes (VGs) that can be used as molecular markers for the identification of APEC. Little is known about APEC in broiler chickens in Australia.The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of APEC in Australian broiler flocks and how factors including presence of VGs and phylogenetic group can improve the identification of this pathotype in Australia. Firstly, three faecal DNA extraction methods were evaluated. Faeces were collected from healthy chickens and chickens with colibacillosis from commercial broiler farms in South East Queensland (SEQ). The extracted DNA was screened by a pentaplex-PCR for five APEC-associated VGs (iroN, iutA, iss, hlyF and ompT). DNA extracted from E. coli isolates cultured from the cloaca and organs of the birds were screened using the same PCR.Repeated bead beating plus column elution was the preferred DNA extraction method, as it yielded good PCR quality and adequate quantity DNA. However, identifying APEC by direct detection of the five VGs from the faecal material was not feasible as all of these genes were also detected in all of the birds. However, the VGs were more commonly detected in E. coli isolates cultured from birds with colibacillosis.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate APEC farm-level prevalence in healthy broiler chickens in SEQ and to identify potential risk factors associated with the carriage of APEC. At the farm-level, all of the 40 farms sampled were positive for APEC, that is at least one bird per farm carried APEC, while the within-farm prevalence was 63% (95% Confidence Interval: 55.8, 70.2).Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was significantly associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water, failure to disinfect the water line after each flock, farm visitors not showering before entering the shed, distances greater than 20 metres between the car park and the poultry shed and the presence of wild birds within 50 metres of the shed. Chlorinating the drinking water combined with automatic water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence. Page | 3Therefore, based on the results concluded from the multivariable model, improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce APEC prevalence, decrease the risk of co...

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First outbreaks and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry flocks in Morocco

Cited by 54 publications

References 37 publications

A(H9N2) influenza viruses associated with chicken mortality in outbreaks in Algeria 2017

A(H9N2) influenza viruses associated with chicken mortality in outbreaks in Algeria 2017

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

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