A(H9N2) influenza viruses associated with chicken mortality in outbreaks in Algeria 2017

Jeevan, Trushar; Darnell, Daniel; Gradi, El Alia; Benali, Yasmine; Kara, Redhouane; Guetarni, Djamel; Rubrum, Adam; Seiler, Patrick; Crumpton, Jeri Carol; Webby, Richard J.; Derrar, Fawzi

doi:10.1111/irv.12675

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Fifteen HA gene sequences of avian influenza virus H9N2 subtype were retrieved from the tissues of dead poultry. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences were closely related to the H9N2 virus sequences reported recently in Morocco and Burkina Faso [193].…”

Section: Algeriasupporting

confidence: 67%

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

et al. 2020

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Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.

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Section: Algeriasupporting

confidence: 67%

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

et al. 2020

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“…Nevertheless, the virus from Benin (Bn/145) showed a decrease of replicative fitness in human cells compared to other African and Asian viruses tested. In vivo characterizations were not performed since closely related viruses from Algeria and Ghana, and the human strain A/Hong Kong/1073/99 had already been characterized in chickens or ferrets [ 12 , 14 , 30 ]. Algerian viruses did not show any increase of virulence or airborne transmission ability in ferrets [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the emergence of G1 lineage H9N2 viruses in Morocco in early 2016, H9N2 viruses have been widely detected in Northern Africa, with spread to Western Africa, suggesting that the circulation of AIVs is markedly changing in the region. LPAI H9N2 viruses have continued to circulate in Morocco and Algeria [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic and molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses in sub-Saharan Africa from 2017 through 2019

Fusade-Boyer

Djegui²,

Batawui

et al. 2021

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Sub-Saharan Africa was historically considered an animal influenza cold spot, with only sporadic highly pathogenic H5 outbreaks detected over the last 20 years. However, in 2017, low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses were detected in poultry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular, phylogenetic, and antigenic characterization of isolates from Benin, Togo, and Uganda showed that they belonged to the G1 lineage. Isolates from Benin and Togo clustered with viruses previously described in Western Africa, whereas viruses from Uganda were genetically distant and clustered with viruses from the Middle East. Viruses from Benin exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from Togo and Uganda, suggesting antigenic drift associated with reduced replication in Calu-3 cells. The viruses exhibited mammalian adaptation markers similar to those of the human strain A/Senegal/0243/2019 (H9N2). Therefore, viral genetic and antigenic surveillance in Africa is of paramount importance to detect further evolution or emergence of new zoonotic strains.

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“…In North Africa, the virus was detected in Tunisia [ 13 ] and recently in Morocco [ 14 ]. However, no official report is available on the circulation of H9N2 viruses in Algeria, except for the recent declaration of one case in the North Center of the country [ 17 ]. Besides, in the province of Batna (Northeast Algeria), an outbreak of highly contagious respiratory disease was reported in broiler flocks, in 2017 and we showed here that the outbreak was due to H9N2 AIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Jeevan et al, (2019) have reported isolation of H9N2 AIV from an outbreak observed, in 2017, in the Central region of Algeria. Their study focused on phylogenetic characterization and pathogenicity of the isolates in experimental animals [ 17 ]. However, the full-length genome sequence analysis had not been carried out.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-length genome sequences of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the Northeast of Algeria

Barberis

Boudaoud

Gorrill

et al. 2020

Virol J

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Background H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. H9N2 AIV was first reported in the Northeast of Algeria in April 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. In the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of AIV H9N2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses. Methods Ten AIV H9N2 strains, collected in broiler flocks, were amplified in 9-day-old embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs. Their full-length genomes were successfully sequenced and phylogenetic and molecular characterizations were conducted. Results Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates were monophyletic, grouped within the G-1 lineage and were very close to Moroccan and Algerian strains identified in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The low pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by the sequence motif (335RSSR/GLF341) at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. An exclusive substitution (T197A) that had not been previously reported for H9N2 viruses; but, conserved in some pandemic H1N1 viruses, was observed. When compared to the G1-like H9N2 prototype, the studied strains showed one less glycosylation site in HA, but 2–3 additional ones in the stalk of the neuraminidase (NA). The HA protein harbored the substitution 234 L, suggesting binding preference to human-like receptors. The NA protein harbored S372A and R403W substitutions, previously detected in H9N2 from Asia and the Middle East, and especially in H2N2 and H3N2 strains that caused human pandemics. Different molecular markers associated with virulence and mammalian infections have been detected in the viral internal proteins. The matrix M2 protein possessed the S31N substitution associated with drug resistance. The non-structural 1 (NS1) protein showed the “GSEV” PDZ ligand (PL) C-terminal motif and no 80–84 deletion. Conclusion Characterized Algerian AIV isolates showed mutations that suggest increased zoonotic potential. Additional studies in animal models are required to investigate the pathogenicity of these H9N2 AIV strains. Monitoring their evolution in both migratory and domestic birds is crucial to prevent transmission to humans. Implementation of adequate biosecurity measures that limit the introduction and the propagation of AIV H9N2 in Algerian poultry farm is crucial.

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A(H9N2) influenza viruses associated with chicken mortality in outbreaks in Algeria 2017

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

Antigenic and molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses in sub-Saharan Africa from 2017 through 2019

Full-length genome sequences of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the Northeast of Algeria

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