First measurement of strain distribution along field-installed optical fibers using Brillouin spectroscopy

Tateda, Mitsuhiro; Horiguchi, T.; Kurashima, Toshio; Ishihara, K.

doi:10.1109/50.59150

Cited by 56 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Several sensing mechanisms for the purpose, such as Raman scattering [4,5] and Brillouin scattering [6][7][8] in the optical fiber, have been proposed. Polarization mode coupling (PM-coupling) in polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) has also been used to detect locations of lateral stress concentration [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unification of input and output ends in polarization-maintaining optical fiber stress sensor by synthesis of optical coherence function (Invited Paper)

Horie

Hotate

et al. 2005

SPIE Proceedings

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We have developed a functional distributed fiber-optic stress sensor by synthesis of the optical coherence function (SOCF). The technique determines the location of stress-induced polarization mode coupling in a polarizationmaintaining fiber (PMF) by measuring the optical path difference (OPD) between the fast mode and the slow mode in PMF with SOCF. By modulating the frequency of the lightwave from a super-structure-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser diode (SSG-DBR-LD) in a stepwise waveform, the coherence function is synthesized into a series of periodical peaks in the meaning of time-integration. The period is controlled to allow only one coherence peak enter the range of the PM fiber under test. Then we can measure the polarization mode coupling at the position corresponding to the peak. The position of the peak is adjusted by using a phase modulation proportional to the frequency modulation. Therefore, polarization mode coupling distribution along the fiber can be obtained. Up to date, one end of the sensing fiber is used as the input end, and the other as the output end. This scheme is generally not convenient for remote applications. In this presentation, we report two new effective methods that unify the input and the output to one end of the fiber. In one scheme, a mirror plus a polarizer is attached to the far end of the PM fiber. The other scheme employs a polarization beam splitter (PBS) attached to the far end of the PM fiber. The light beam output from the PBS in one polarization direction is fed back into the fiber through the PBS in the perpendicular polarization direction. Experimental demonstrations for both schemes are presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unification of input and output ends in polarization-maintaining optical fiber stress sensor by synthesis of optical coherence function (Invited Paper)

Horie

Hotate

et al. 2005

SPIE Proceedings

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“…Although it can be detrimental in coherent optical communication systems [l], [2] it found many applications such as selective canier amplification [3], distributed temperature sensing [4], characterization of fiber strain [5], and Brillouin fiber lasers [61, [71.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency stability of a Brillouin fiber ring laser

Nicati

Toyama

Shaw

1995

J. Lightwave Technol.

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This study shows theoretical and experimental results on three main effects determining the frequency stability of a Brillouin 6ber ring laser, namely: the temperature effects and the nonlinear Kern and frequency pulling effects. The oscillation frequency in a Brillouin Fiber Ring Laser is determined mahly by the axial mode of the cold resonator located under the Brillouin gain curve that experiences the highest gain. This oscillation frequency is therefore temperature dependent since both the Free Spectral Range (FSR) and the gain curve center depend on the temperature. The FSR variation gives rise to a continuous lasing frequency variation while the gain curve shift leads to mode hopping. In addition to these temperature effects, the nonlinear Kerr effect and the mode pulling effect will also slightly shift the lasing frequency away from the resonant frequency of the cold resonator. The Kerr effect depends only on the pump power, while the mode pulling effect depends on both the pump power and the relative location between the lasing mode and the gain curve center. The results of this study are useful in many BFRL applications such as Brillouin fiber-optic gyroscopes, microwave generators and frequency shifters. I. I NTRODUCTION TIMULATED Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is a nonlinear S process that produces a gain in the backward direction in optical fibers. Although it can be detrimental in coherent optical communication systems [l], [2] it found many applications such as selective canier amplification [3], distributed temperature sensing [4], characterization of fiber strain [5], and Brillouin fiber lasers [61, [71.Because of its low laser threshold a Brillouin fiber ring laser (BFRL) using a high-finesse fiber ring resonator is especially attractive and it has been used as a narrow-linewidth fiber laser [8], a microwave frequency generator [9]. and a Brillouin fiber ring gyroscope (BFOG) [lo]-[ 121. The previous studies on BFRL clarified the laser threshold condition [7] and the functional form of the circulating Stokes intensity as a function of the pump intensity [13], [14]. It was also found that at only four-times the threshold the circulating firstorder Stokes wave becomes strong enough to support, in turn, the second-order Stokes wave lasing in the ring resonator. At eight-times the threshold the third-order Stokes wave begins lasing. The presence of higher-order Stokes waves defines operating windows of a BFRL. For example, the first window is defined as the range where only the first Stokes wave is lasing, the second window where upto the second Stokes . IEEE Log Number 9412283.waves are lasing, and so on. The generation of these multiple Stokes waves in a BFRL is treated in [14] including the threshold conditions and the functional forms of circulating intensities for higher-order Stokes waves. The oscillation frequency in a BFRL is mainly determined by the axial mode of the cold resonator located under the Brillouin gain curve that experiences the highest gain. This oscillation frequency depends on the...

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“…In this interaction, the wavelength matching among longitudinal acoustic phonons and input probe optical wavelength generates two additional signals at wavelengths on either side of the probe, as occurs for Raman scattering [65]. Frequency shift and intensity of the generated signals are sensitive to both strain and temperature, and this dependence is exploited in Brillouin-based DOFS, whose early proposals are dated at the end of the 1980s [66][67][68].…”

Section: Brillouin-based Distributed Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting amplification of the probe light-detected at the input of the fibre-is again temperature and strain dependent. The target of detection for this type of Brillouin-based DOFSs is the time evolution of the gain resulting from the interaction of the two counterpropagating signals, and the technique is called Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) [68,80]. A basic BOTDA setup is represented in Figure 6.…”

Section: Brillouin-based Distributed Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors for Geo-Hydrological Applications

2017

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Featured Application: Distributed fibre optic sensors for geo-hydrological applications: a comprehensive review about methodology, weaknesses, and strengths.Abstract: Distributed optical fibre sensing, employing either Rayleigh, Raman, or Brillouin scattering, is the only physical-contact sensor technology capable of accurately estimating physical fields with spatial continuity along the fibre. This unique feature and the other features of standard optical fibre sensors (e.g., minimal invasiveness and lightweight, remote powering/interrogating capabilities) have for many years promoted the technology to be a promising candidate for geo-hydrological monitoring. Relentless research efforts are being undertaken to bring the technology to complete maturity through laboratory, physical models, and in-situ tests. The application of distributed optical fibre sensors to geo-hydrological monitoring is here reviewed and discussed, along with basic principles and main acquisition techniques. Among the many existing geo-hydrological processes, the emphasis is placed on those related to soil levees, slopes/landslide, and ground subsidence that constitute a significant percentage of current geohazards.

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First measurement of strain distribution along field-installed optical fibers using Brillouin spectroscopy

Cited by 56 publications

References 8 publications

Unification of input and output ends in polarization-maintaining optical fiber stress sensor by synthesis of optical coherence function (Invited Paper)

Unification of input and output ends in polarization-maintaining optical fiber stress sensor by synthesis of optical coherence function (Invited Paper)

Frequency stability of a Brillouin fiber ring laser

A Review of Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors for Geo-Hydrological Applications

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