First investigation of modified poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone)s as kinetic hydrate inhibitors

Ree, Lilian H. S.; Kelland, Malcolm A.; Roth, Peter J.; Batchelor, Rhiannon

doi:10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.031

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…They were mainly based on vinyl lactam polymers, such as PVP, polyvinyl caprolactam (PVCap), VC-713, etc. − In recent years, new kinds of KHIs have also been investigated. They are ionic liquids, − hyperbranched polymers, amino acid, − protein, ,, modified starch, compounds with synergism, , etc. However, these chemicals have some serious drawbacks, such as high price, low availability, low solubility, low cloud point, low efficiency, low biodegradability, no inhibition effect at high subcoolings (about 10 K), etc .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Inhibition of CO₂ Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer

et al. 2021

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The influence of carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na) on the formation kinetics of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate was investigated by adopting an isothermal and isochoric method. The mass transfer characteristics of CO2 in the solution of CMC-Na were also investigated. Pure water and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of different molecular weights were used for comparison. Several parameters, such as the concentration of the additives, the stirring condition, and the temperature, were investigated. The experimental results showed that all the additives had almost no inhibition effects on the nucleation of hydrates when the experimental temperature was 273.25 K and the initial pressure was 3.5 MPa. In contrast, PVP could effectively slow the growth rate of CO2 hydrate, while CMC-Na could greatly decrease the ultimate amount of the formed hydrate. The inhibition effects of CMC-Na decreased with the decrease of its concentration and totally lost its inhibition effects at the concentration of 0.1 wt % or lower. Under a stirring condition, carbon dioxide hydrate grew faster than that under a static condition. Temperature had nearly no influence on the mass transfer of CO2 in the solution, and the mass transfer rate of CO2 in the CMC-Na solution was the slowest among all the samples studied. The formation of hydrate mainly took place at the gas/solution interface. Adsorption and interference to crystal growth were supposed to be the mechanism by which PVP molecules inhibited the growth of the hydrate crystal, while mass transfer resistance was supposed to play a key role in the inhibition of CMC-Na. The experimental results could provide some theoretical guidance for the development of a new type of kinetic hydrate inhibitors and the prevention of hydrate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Inhibition of CO₂ Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer

et al. 2021

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“…It is generally accepted that the performance of a KHI polymer improves with an increasing concentration in the typical deployment window of 1000–10 000 ppm (0.1–1.0 wt %). However, the rate of improvement varies considerably between polymer classes. − Table and Figure summarized the KHI performance of homopolymer PPiGAO 24 at varying concentrations ranging from 1250 to 7500 ppm. We chose homopolymer PPiGAO 24 to evaluate the KHI performance with varying concentrations, because this was the only sample that was available for making higher concentration solutions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amine N-Oxide Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers for High-Salinity Applications

et al. 2020

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A series of glycidyl amine N-oxide polyethers with cyclic and acyclic amine N-oxide side groups and their block copolymers with poly(propylene) oxide (M n in the range of 1.8−6.4 kg/mol) have been synthesized and investigated as kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) using a structure II hydrate-forming gas mixture. Polymers based on cyclic amine N-oxides, containing poly(piperidine glycidyl amine N-oxide) units gave a remarkable KHI performance. The best polymers gave similar KHI performance to commercial poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap) at the same concentration of 2500 ppm. In addition, upon heating to 95 °C, the best polymers had no cloud point at 2500 ppm (0.25 wt %), even in 15 wt % sodium chloride solution. Thus, these polymers possess excellent potential for injection into high-salinity-and high-temperature-produced fluids.

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“…The slow constant cooling (SCC) method was used to evaluate the KHI performance, which is a reliable and efficient method for screening new KHIs in the laboratory and has been utilized by many previous studies in this research field. − The SNG mixture (Table ) was used to provide the high-pressure atmosphere for the gas hydrate formation, which theoretically forms a structure II gas hydrate as the most thermodynamically stable phase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyvinylsulfonamides as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors

2020

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Kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymers have been used for over 25 years to prevent gas hydrate formation in oil and gas production flow lines. KHI polymers are water-soluble at hydrate formation conditions, and most of them contain amide (−NH–C(O)−) functional groups. The water solubility is due to their strong hydrophilicity and hydrogen-bonding ability. In this report, we have investigated various classes of polyvinylsulfonamides as KHIs for the first time. The carbonyl moiety in the amide group can be replaced with the sulfonyl moiety to give the isosteric sulfonamide group (−NH–S(O)2−) which has two oxygen atoms. Similar to amides, the hydrogen atoms in sulfonamides are relatively acidic because the charge formed in the conjugate base can be stabilized by resonance. In addition, sulfonamides are not easily hydrolyzed under hot acidic conditions, a problem that is known for some polyamide KHIs which can affect their performance in the field. Here, we report the synthesis and KHI performance of a range of polyvinylsulfonamides. Tests were conducted under high pressure with a structure II-forming natural gas mixture in steel rocking cells. The performance of the best polymers was similar to that of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) with comparable molecular weight, which is a well-known commercial KHI polymer.

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First investigation of modified poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone)s as kinetic hydrate inhibitors

Cited by 23 publications

References 21 publications

Kinetic Inhibition of CO₂ Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer

Kinetic Inhibition of CO₂ Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer

Amine N-Oxide Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers for High-Salinity Applications

Polyvinylsulfonamides as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors

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First investigation of modified poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone)s as kinetic hydrate inhibitors

Cited by 23 publications

References 21 publications

Kinetic Inhibition of CO2 Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer

Kinetic Inhibition of CO2 Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer

Amine N-Oxide Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers for High-Salinity Applications

Polyvinylsulfonamides as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors

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Product

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Kinetic Inhibition of CO₂ Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer

Kinetic Inhibition of CO₂ Hydrate by Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium through Retarded Mass Transfer