First-instar nymphal morphology and antennal sensilla in the Kerria lacca (Kerr, 1782) and Paratachardina mahdihassani (Kondo and Gullan, 2007) (Hemiptera: Tachardiidae)

Antennal sensilla and their nerve innervation in first‐instar nymphs of Porphyrophora sophorae Arch. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Margarodidae)

“…The Bb sensillum has rarely been noted on the antennae of scale insects. In prior studies, Bb sensillum was not found on the antennae of the first‐instar nymphs of P. manihoti, K. lacca , or P. mahdihassani (Le Rü et al, ; Ahmad et al, ). Recently, we observed the Bb sensilla on the antennae of adult female and male M. matsumurae but did not find any on the antennae of their first‐instar nymphs (Wang et al, ).…”

“…Two Co are located on the apex segment of each antenna of first‐instar nymphs. Co sensilla have also been observed on the antennae of first‐instar nymphs of P. manihoti, K. lacca, P. mahdihassani , and M. matsumurae (Le Rü et al, ; Ahmad et al, ; Wang et al, ). Furthermore, Le Rü et al () considered that the Co on the antennae of P. manihoti were thermo‐/hygrosensory receptors.…”

“…Unlike the situation found in P. sophorae , the first‐instar nymphs of M. matsumurae have three olfactory sensilla (Wang et al, ), P. manihoti and K. lacca have 4, and P. mahdihassani have 10 (Le Rü et al, ; Ahmad et al, ).…”

“…Insect antennae usually have chemoreceptors that include olfactory sensilla and gustatory sensilla. Gustatory sensilla have been observed on the antennae of first‐instar P. manihoti (Le Rü et al, ), K. lacca (Ahmad et al, ), and M. matsumurae (Wang et al, ), but were not found on the antennae of P. Sophorae. Porphyrophora sophorae is a soil‐inhabiting scale insect and feeds on roots.…”

“…The function of these receptors has been extensively studied in the Insecta, for example, the studies and reviews of McIver (), Altner and Prillinger (), Zacharuk, (), Altner et al, (), and Steinbrecht (). However, research concerning the ultrastructure of the sensilla of the first‐instar scale insects is scarce, for example, Phenacoccus manihoti (Matile‐Ferrero; Pseudococcidae; Le Rü et al, ), Kerria lacca (Kerr) and Paratachardina mahdihassani (Kondo and Gullan), (Tachardiidae; Ahmad et al, ), and Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana; Matsucoccidae; Wang et al, ). However, no soil‐inhabiting scale insect species has been investigated.…”