First Flush Phenomena for Highways: How It Can Be Meaningfully Defined

Ma, Jiun-Shiu; Khan, Sabbir Ahmed; Li, Yingxia; Kim, Lee-Hyung; Ha, Simon; Lau, Seng Fong; Kayhanian, Masoud; Stenstrom, Michael K.

doi:10.1061/40644(2002)223

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…If a large portion of pollutant mass is contained in the first portion of the runoff, best management practices that are optimized to treat the first portion may be economically advantageous. Ma et al (2004) found that most pollutants had medium mass FFs where 40 % of the total pollution masses were transported by the first 30 % of the total flow volume as was observed in 52 storms at nine highway sites. Han et al (2006) reported that 30 to 35 % of the mass was contained in the first 20 % of the runoff.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…This fluctuation is thought to be the result of Pb and Zn originating principally from vehicle traffic, and the runoff sampling was at 14: 45-17:15, 9:50-11:20 and 14:25-16:20 hours when heavy traffic was on the road to release more pollutants. Ma et al (2004) where they reported that most of the pollutants studied had medium mass FF at nine highway sites. Because of the high slope (10°) of the road in our study, the FF occurred more often.…”

Section: Temporal Changes In Pollution During Rainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The temporal changes in road stormwater runoff quality and the implications to first flush control in Chongqing, China

Zhang

Wang

Hou

et al. 2013

Environ Monit Assess

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This study investigates the quality of stormwater runoff from a driveway in the southwest mountainous urban area of Chongqing, China, from 2010 to 2011. The results showed that the mean concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were 4.1, 2.4, and 2.2 times the grade V levels of the national surface water standard of China. The pollutant concentration peak preceded or synchronized with the rainfall intensity peak and occurred 10 min after the runoff started. The significant high pollutant concentration in the initial stage of the rainfall suggested that first flush control is necessary, especially for the most polluted constitutes, such as total suspended solids, COD, and TN. Three potential pollution sources were identified: the atmospheric dry and wet deposition (TN, NO 3 − -N, NH 4 + -N, and DCu), the road sediment and materials (total suspended solids, COD, and TP), and the vehicle emissions (DPb and DZn). Therefore, this study indicates that reductions in road sediments and material pollution and dry and wet deposition should be the priority factors for pollution control of road stormwater runoff in mountainous urban areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Temporal Changes In Pollution During Rainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The temporal changes in road stormwater runoff quality and the implications to first flush control in Chongqing, China

Zhang

Wang

Hou

et al. 2013

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Negative coefficients further indicate that average constituent EMCs tend to be higher for smaller rainfall events and lower for larger events, therefore signifying that pollutants tend to become diluted in larger storms. As part of a separate first flush characterization study, it was determined that constituent EMCs in the earlier portion of runoff were higher than concentrations in the later portion of runoff and were generally not influenced by the rain intensity (Ma et al, 2002). However, higher rain intensity during the early runoff influences the mass-based first flush of constituents .…”

Section: Impact Of Event Rainfall On Pollutant Emcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and prediction of highway runoff constituent event mean concentration

Kayhanian¹,

Suverkropp²,

Ruby³

et al. 2007

Journal of Environmental Management

237

120

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“…Saget et al (1996) and Bertrand-Krajewski et al (1998) concluded that a first flush exists when at least 80% of the pollution mass is transported in the first 30% of the runoff volume. Ma et al (2002) proposed a continuous criteria and nomenclature for mass first flush. They suggested that the MFF n ratio be used, where n represents the volume of runoff in percent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of first flush criteria using dynamic EMCs (event mean concentrations) on highway stormwater runoff

Kim

Jeong

2007

Water Science and Technology

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Recently the Ministry of Environment in Korea has developed the total maximum daily load program in accordance with the target pollutant and its concentration goal on four major large rivers. Since the program is largely related to regional development, nonpoint source control is both important and topical. Of the various nonpoint sources, highways are stormwater intensive land uses since they are impervious and have high pollutant mass emissions from vehicular activity. The event mean concentration (EMC) is useful in estimating the loadings to receiving water bodies. However, the EMC does not provide information on the time varying changes in pollutant concentration or mass emissions, which are often important for best management practice development, or understanding shock loads. Therefore, in this study a new concept, the dynamic EMC determination method, will be introduced to clearly verify the relationship between EMC and the first flush effect. Three monitoring sites in Daejeon metropolitan city areas were equipped with an automatic rainfall gauge and a flow meter for accumulating the data such as rainfall and runoff flow. The dynamic EMC method was applied to more than 17 events, and the improved first flush criteria were determined on the ranges of storm duration and accumulated rainfall.

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First Flush Phenomena for Highways: How It Can Be Meaningfully Defined

Cited by 38 publications

References 11 publications

The temporal changes in road stormwater runoff quality and the implications to first flush control in Chongqing, China

The temporal changes in road stormwater runoff quality and the implications to first flush control in Chongqing, China

Characterization and prediction of highway runoff constituent event mean concentration

Determination of first flush criteria using dynamic EMCs (event mean concentrations) on highway stormwater runoff

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