First evidence of the presence of genotype-1 of Japanese encephalitis virus in Culex gelidus in Indonesia

Garjito, Triwibowo Ambar; Prihatin, Mega Tyas; Susanti, Lulus; Prastowo, Dhian; Sa’adah, Siti Rofiatus; Taviv, Yulian; Satoto, Tri Baskoro Tunggul; Waluyo, Joko; Manguin, Sylvie; Frutos, Roger

doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3285-7

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Relevant to the case we describe, JEV transmission in Indonesia is widespread and is now endemic in 94% of the country's provinces, including the popular tourist island of Bali [15,16]. JEV infections in travelers to Bali from non-endemic countries like Australia have been previously reported [17][18][19].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

A Case of Japanese Encephalitis with a Fatal Outcome in an Australian Who Traveled from Bali in 2019

Pyke¹,

Choong

Moore³

et al. 2020

TropicalMed

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A severe case of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, resulting in fatality, occurred in an unvaccinated Australian male traveler from Bali, Indonesia, in 2019. During hospitalisation in Australia, patient cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) yielded JEV-specific IgM antibodies and RNA, and an isolate of the virus. Ongoing transmission of JEV in Bali underscores this pathogen as a public health risk and the importance of appropriate health, vaccination and mosquito avoidance advice to prospective travelers to the region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

A Case of Japanese Encephalitis with a Fatal Outcome in an Australian Who Traveled from Bali in 2019

Pyke¹,

Choong

Moore³

et al. 2020

TropicalMed

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“…Therefore, the number of our collected Aedes mosquitoes may be insufficient for detection of Aedes -borne arboviruses by virus isolation. Survey of JEV in Culex mosquitoes revealed that the MIR of JEV in Indonesia was 0.06 (1/1,485) [ 16 ]. Recently in China, 10 of 511 pools of Culex mosquitoes were positive by RT-PCR for detection of JEV genome, and the MIR of JEV was estimated at 0.91 [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito-borne viruses, insect-specific flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus), Banna virus (family Reoviridae, genus Seadornavirus), Bogor virus (unassigned member of family Permutotetraviridae), and alphamesoniviruses 2 and 3 (family Mesoniviridae, genus Alphamesonivirus) isolated from Indonesian mosquitoes

et al. 2020

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Mosquitoes transmit many kinds of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), and numerous arboviral diseases have become serious problems in Indonesia. In this study, we conducted surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses at several sites in Indonesia during 2016–2018 for risk assessment of arbovirus infection and analysis of virus biodiversity in mosquito populations. We collected 10,015 mosquitoes comprising at least 11 species from 4 genera. Major collected mosquito species were Culex quinquefasciatus , Aedes albopictus , Culex tritaeniorhynchus , Aedes aegypti , and Armigeres subalbatus . The collected mosquitoes were divided into 285 pools and used for virus isolation using two mammalian cell lines, Vero and BHK-21, and one mosquito cell line, C6/36. Seventy-two pools showed clear cytopathic effects only in C6/36 cells. Using RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing approaches, these isolates were identified as insect flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae , genus Flavivirus ), Banna virus (family Reoviridae , genus Seadornavirus ), new permutotetravirus (designed as Bogor virus) (family Permutotetraviridae, genus Alphapermutotetravirus ), and alphamesoniviruses 2 and 3 ( family Mesoniviridae , genus Alphamesonivirus ). We believed that this large surveillance of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses provides basic information for the prevention and control of emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases.

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“…The serum was separated from the blood sample by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 mins at 4°C and aliquoted in properly labeled vials. Tonsil sample of around 1gram was collected from slaughtered pig and stored in RNA later (Ambion, Thermo Fischer Scientific, USA) [16]. Both the serum and the tonsil tissues were stored at −80°C until further processing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Nakayama and Beijing-1 prototype strains and all other strains isolated from pigs and mosquitoes before 1994 belong to GIII [15]. However, there are reports indicating recent introduction of GI strain in pigs and mosquitoes [16, 17]. It has also been reported that GI has slowly replaced GIII strain and can become a dominant genotype because of contribution of several viral, environmental and host factors [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in pig population of Odisha, Assam and Manipur states of India

Datey

Singh²,

Rajkhowa

et al. 2019

Preprint

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AbstractJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) comes under the family Flaviviridae and genus flavivirus. It predominantly infects the children under the age of 10 years and the case fatality rate can stretch out as high as 30%. Pigs act as reservoir and amplifying intermediate host for JEV. Recent report suggested longer persistence of JEV in tonsil than in circulation of experimentally infected pigs. The current investigation was conducted to understand the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of JEV infection in pigs in three different geographical sites in India (Odisha, Assam and Manipur). Serum samples were tested by ELISA and RT-PCR for detection of JEV, while only RT-PCR was done in case of tonsils tissues collected from pigs slaughtered in abattoir. Prevalence of JEV was highest in Manipur (25.45% in serum and 10.08% in tonsil) but lower in Assam (3.75% in serum and 0% in tonsils) and Odisha (1.49% in serum and 3.7% in tonsils). The percentage of sero-positivity was found to be 3.75% of IgM and 9.9% of IgG in Assam and Odisha respectively. Genotype III (GIII) of JEV was the dominant genotype and sporadic mutations of S83G, H76P, E78Q, C55S, and S64W along with two consistent mutations V46S and V51I were observed in all the GIII strains. Analysis of the E gene sequence revealed a single mutation, S118N in the GI strain. Older pigs (above 7 months) were found to be infected relatively more (8.6%) than younger pigs (age group 3-7 months). In conclusion, the high JE virus infection rate of pig in the current locations suggests the need for continuous surveillance of this virus in pigs which will ultimately help to adopt an effective control strategy to prevent the spread of JE infection to human.Author summaryJapanese encephalitis is one of the contributing factors in acute encephalitis syndrome cases reported across India as well as Asia. Primarily young naive human population are affected with JEV. The death rate can be as high as 30% and in about 30%-50% surviving population paralysis, brain damage or other serious permanent sequelae may be observed. The viral load gets amplified in pigs and thus plays a crucial role in transmitting the infection in human communities living in close proximity to pig dwelling. The current study was conducted to demonstrate prevalence of JEV in pig population of three geographical regions of India viz. the States of Odisha, Assam and Manipur that have reported JE outbreaks in human population. The current study demonstrates that the rate of infection is 3.28% among pigs in Manipur followed by Assam and Odisha. GIII was found to be the most predominant JEV genotype, while only one GI genotype strain was detected from Odisha region. These findings suggested the need of continuous surveillance of this virus in pigs and proper implementation of human and animal vaccination programme to control the infection.

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First evidence of the presence of genotype-1 of Japanese encephalitis virus in Culex gelidus in Indonesia

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

A Case of Japanese Encephalitis with a Fatal Outcome in an Australian Who Traveled from Bali in 2019

A Case of Japanese Encephalitis with a Fatal Outcome in an Australian Who Traveled from Bali in 2019

Molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in pig population of Odisha, Assam and Manipur states of India

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