First Epidemic of Echovirus 16 Meningitis in Cuba

Sarmiento, Luis; Más, Pedro; Goyenechea, Angel; Palomera, Rosa; Morier, Luís; Capó, Virginia; Quintana, Ibrahim; Santin, Manuel

doi:10.3201/eid0705.010520

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…This assay is highly sensitive (0.01 tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50 ) and has been adopted as a routine method for the diagnosis of enterovirus infections at the enterovirus laboratory in Cuba [23]. It detects RNA of all known enteroviruses as the amplified sequence is conserved among them [21,22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The external primers (EV/PCR1, 5 0 -ATTGTCACCATAAGCA-GCCA-3 0 ; EV/PCR2, 5 0 -TCCTCCGGCCCCCTGA-ATGCG-3 0 ) generate a 154 base pair (bp) fragment, whereas the internal primers (EV/PVR3, 5 0 -ACACG-GACACCCAAAGTAGTCGGTTCC-3 0 ; EV/PCR4, 5 0 -TCCGGCCCCTGAATGCGGCTAATCC-3 0 ) generate a 114 bp PCR product [21,22]. Amplification reactions were carried by out using a highly sensitive nested RT-PCR method [23]. In brief, first-round RT-PCR was performed in 50 ml reaction mixture containing 5 ml of RNA extracted in PCR buffer (67 mM Tris -HCl; pH 8.…”

Section: In Vitro Amplificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of enterovirus RNA in serum of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and islet cell autoantibody-positive subjects in a population with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes

Sarmiento

Cabrera-Rode²,

Lekuleni

et al. 2007

Autoimmunity

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vitro Amplificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of enterovirus RNA in serum of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and islet cell autoantibody-positive subjects in a population with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes

Sarmiento

Cabrera-Rode²,

Lekuleni

et al. 2007

Autoimmunity

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“…Presence/absence analyses for the following human enteric viruses were carried out on a subset of samples using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based methods and previously published assays and conditions (Table 1; (37)(38)(39)(40): enterovirus (EV; n = 117), hepatitis A virus (HAV; n = 117), norovirus GI (NoVGI; n = 72) and GII (NoVGII; n = 72), and rotavirus group A (RV; n = 79). Presence-absence human enteric virus data were generated in this study because previous studies demonstrated a better correlation between enteric virus presence/absence and coliphages in comparison with correlations with quantitative enteric virus data (27,41).…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where c equals copies that could be detected per RT-qPCR reaction (i.e., lowest copy number detected divided by 2 (difference between double-stranded standard curve material and singlestranded viral RNA)); v 1 equals the volume of cDNA added to the qPCR reaction (5 µl); V 1 equals the total volume of cDNA synthesized (20 µl); E 1 equals the worst-case RT efficiency previously reported (19%; (42)); v 2 equals the volume of RNA in the RT reaction (8 µl); V 2 equals the total volume of RNA purified (50 µl); E 2 equals the worst-case viral RNA purification efficiency (90%; (43)); v 3 equals the volume of PEG concentrate that RNA was purified from (500 µl); V 3 equals the total volume of PEG concentrate (500 µl); v 4 equals the eluate volume that was PEG concentrated (45 mL); V 4 equals the total volume of eluate (45 mL); V 5 equals the total volume of wastewater (1000 mL); and E 3 equals the estimated virus concentration efficiency (40%; (35)). The limit of detection for the assays could have been as few as 10 copies (J. Nordgren, personal communication) and great as 1,000 copies (37,38). Since the limit of detection of each assay was not tested in this study, the limit of detection (c) was defined as 10 copies and 1,000 copies.…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

A Somatic Coliphage Threshold Approach To Improve the Management of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents in Resource-Limited Regions

Chacón

Barrantes

Santamaría‐Ulloa

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Effective wastewater management is crucial to ensure the safety of water reuse projects and effluent discharge into surface waters. Multiple studies have demonstrated that municipal wastewater treatment with conventional activated sludge processes is inefficient for the removal of the wide spectrum of viruses in sewage. In this study, a well-accepted statistical approach was used to investigate the relationship between viral indicators and human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment in a resource-limited region. Influent and effluent samples from five urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Costa Rica were analyzed for somatic coliphage and human enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus genotype I and II, and rotavirus. All WWTP provide primary treatment followed by conventional activated sludge treatment prior to discharge into surface waters that are indirectly used for agricultural irrigation. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the detection of at least one of the five human enteric viruses and somatic coliphage. Multiple logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis identified a threshold of 3.0 ×103 (3.5-log10) somatic coliphage plaque forming unit per 100 mL, which corresponded to an increased likelihood of encountering enteric viruses above the limit of detection (>1.83×102 virus target/100 mL). Additionally, quantitative microbial risk assessment was executed for famers indirectly reusing WWTP effluent that met the proposed threshold. The resulting estimated median cumulative annual disease burden complied with World Health Organization recommendations. Future studies are needed to validate the proposed threshold for use in Costa Rica and other regions. Importance Effective wastewater management is crucial to ensure safe direct and indirect water reuse; nevertheless, few countries have adopted the virus log reduction value management approach established by the World Health Organization. In this study, we investigated an alternative and/or complementary approach to the virus log reduction value framework for the indirect reuse of activated sludge treated wastewater effluent. Specifically, we employed a well-accepted statistical approach to identify a statistically sound somatic coliphage threshold value, which corresponded to an increased likelihood of human enteric virus detection. This study demonstrates an alternative approach to the virus log reduction value framework, which can be applied to improve wastewater reuse practices and effluent management.

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“…Virological studies were carried out using conventional methods for diagnosis of enterovirus and a reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction assay of CSF specimens [Sarmiento et al, 2001;Sarmiento, 2004].…”

Section: Epidemic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Islet cell related antibodies and type 1 diabetes associated with echovirus 30 epidemic: A case report

Cabrera-Rode¹,

Sarmiento

Molina³

et al. 2005

J. Med. Virol.

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Type 1 diabetes associated genes account for less than 50% of disease susceptibility. Human enteroviruses have been implicated as environmental factors that might trigger and/or accelerate this autoimmune disorder. We now report of a 12-year-old girl that developed pancreatic autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes after enteroviral infection. Diabetes-associated autoimmunity was evaluated by measurement of several islet cell related autoantibodies. Neutralizing antibodies to different enteroviruses were determined in the case and eight children suffering from aseptic meningitis during a large scale epidemic. Several types of diabetes-associated antibodies were detected post-infection in the adolescent with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, including islet cell antibodies (ICA) and tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (IA2A). ICA but not IA2A appeared in the non-diabetic enterovirus-infected subjects. Based on virological studies, type 1 diabetes pathogenesis process could have been triggered by echovirus 30 infections. This study provides the first evidence of an association between echovirus 30 infection with the presence of pancreatic autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Our data suggest that echovirus 30 Cuban strain could be considered a potentially diabetogenic enteroviral variant.

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First Epidemic of Echovirus 16 Meningitis in Cuba

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Occurrence of enterovirus RNA in serum of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and islet cell autoantibody-positive subjects in a population with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes

Occurrence of enterovirus RNA in serum of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and islet cell autoantibody-positive subjects in a population with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes

A Somatic Coliphage Threshold Approach To Improve the Management of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents in Resource-Limited Regions

Islet cell related antibodies and type 1 diabetes associated with echovirus 30 epidemic: A case report

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