First detection of neboviruses in yak (Bos grunniens) and identification of a novel neboviruses based on complete genome

Abstract

Neboviruses (NeVs) is an important causative agent of calf diarrhea. Here, 354 diarrhoeic samples were collected from yak on 55 farms in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. 22.0% of the diarrhoeic samples were detected as NeVs-positive by RT-PCR assay. Phylogenetic analysis of 78 NeVs RdRp fragments showed that 69 strains were closely related to NB-like strains, and the remaining 9 strains were clustered into an independent branch, which may represent a novel RdRp genotype. Two complete NeVs genomes (YAK/NRG-17/17/CH and YAK/HY1-2/18/ CH) were successfully sequenced with 7459 nt and 7460 nt in length, respectively. The genomes of the two strains only shared 68.1%-69.3% nt identity with all six known NeVs genomes, and phylogenetic trees based on its genome, VP1, RdRp, VP2, P34, NTPase, P30, VPg and 3CLpro proteins suggested that the two strains may represent a novel NeVs strain with novel VP1 genotype and novel RdRp genotype. Notably, 11.5% NeVs strains were screened as the novel NeVs strains based VP1 and RdRp sequences. These novel NeVs strains were detected from 6 farms in two counties, indicating that the novel NeVs has spread in local region. To best of our knowledge, this is the first detection of NeVs in yak. Moreover, a novel NeVs strain was identified based on complete genome. These results contribute to further understand the prevalence and genetic evolution of NeVs.

First Detection and Genomic Characterization of Bovine Norovirus from Yak

“…BNoV has emerged as a viral pathogen that causes a gastrointestinal illness and diarrhea in cattle, either alone or with other viral enteropathogens worldwide [1,11,34]. Yak are essential animals that support the livelihood of the local Tibetan people, and diarrhea is a common disease in yak [28][29][30][31][32][33]. However, there is no information regarding NoV infection in yak.…”

“…Yak are essential animals that support the livelihood of the local Tibetan people, providing meat, milk, leather, and fuel (feces) and serving as a mode of transport [29]. Diarrhea is a common disease in yak, which causes serious economic losses; thus far, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine coronavirus and a group of bovine rotaviruses and neboviruses have been identified as common diarrhea-causing viruses in yak [30][31][32][33]. However, there is no information regarding norovirus infection in yak.…”

Viral Enteritis in Cattle: To Well Known Viruses and Beyond

“…The BoNeV are then members of a different genus to Norovirus within the Caliciviridae family. Within the genus, there is not a consensus classification, but three RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genotypes and three VP1 genotypes have been described [109]. Genotype 1 of VP1 can be further subdivided into four lineages that showed both temporal and geographical distribution [109,110].…”

“…Within the genus, there is not a consensus classification, but three RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genotypes and three VP1 genotypes have been described [109]. Genotype 1 of VP1 can be further subdivided into four lineages that showed both temporal and geographical distribution [109,110]. In addition, recombinant events have been described both in the polymerase and in the capsid regions [111][112][113][114].…”

Identification and genomic characterization of bovine parvovirus 1 in yaks

“…18 Diarrhea is a common disease that causes major losses to the yak industry; many viruses have been identified as the pathogens causing diarrhea in yak, including bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine nebovirus. 3,6,20 However, little is known about BPV1 and whether yak are susceptible to infection by this bovine pathogen. We investigated whether yaks were infected by BPV1 and determined the molecular characteristics of BPV1 genomes in yaks.…”