Abstract:Background
PCV3 is a pathogen associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, and cardiac and multiorgan inflammation, which was newly identified in 2016 in sows in USA. Recently, PCV3 has also been identified from several non-porcine species like (cattle, dog, wild boar, deer, mice and ticks). However, PCV3 infection in donkey is not well established. Since 2019, 300 blood samples were collected from female donkey, which was charact… Show more
“…Two studies on PCV2 infection in species other than pigs showed that PCV2 might be related to reproductive failure in raccoon dogs and foxes ( 31 , 32 ). PCV3 infection is associated with reproductive failure in donkeys ( 33 ). PCV4 was identified to be pathogenic to piglets by inoculation of piglets with the virus rescued from infectious clones ( 23 ).…”
This study is the first to report the presence of PCV4 in dogs worldwide, and the first complete genome sequence was obtained from a dog affected with diarrhea. Three genotypes of PCV4 strains (PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c) were determined, as supported by specific amino acid markers (V239L for open reading frame 1 [ORF1] and N27S R28G and M212L for ORF2).
“…Two studies on PCV2 infection in species other than pigs showed that PCV2 might be related to reproductive failure in raccoon dogs and foxes ( 31 , 32 ). PCV3 infection is associated with reproductive failure in donkeys ( 33 ). PCV4 was identified to be pathogenic to piglets by inoculation of piglets with the virus rescued from infectious clones ( 23 ).…”
This study is the first to report the presence of PCV4 in dogs worldwide, and the first complete genome sequence was obtained from a dog affected with diarrhea. Three genotypes of PCV4 strains (PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c) were determined, as supported by specific amino acid markers (V239L for open reading frame 1 [ORF1] and N27S R28G and M212L for ORF2).
“…However, while wild suids could be considered a reservoir host for this virus, because of the low infection prevalence in wild ungulates, the role of these animals in the maintenance of PCV-3 in wildlife remains unclear ( Turlewicz-Podbielska et al., 2022 ). Finally, this virus has also been identified in blood samples of dogs with various symptoms ( Zhang et al., 2018 ), donkeys with reproductive disorders ( Wang et al., 2021 ), and laboratory mice ( S. Jiang et al., 2019 ). Interestingly, the virus was also identified in ticks collected from PCV‐3 negative deer, suggesting that vector-born transmission should be investigated as a potential transmission route ( Franzo et al., 2019 ).…”
“…The increasing population of wild boar, leading to more interactions with domestic pigs, could facilitate the transmission of PCV3 from wild boar to domestic pigs [ 72 ]. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of PCV3 from pigs to other animals might also be possible, as revealed by different studies [ 206 , 207 ].…”
Section: Factors Associated With Clinical Manifestation Of Pcv-associ...mentioning
Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus, poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine identified genotypes (a–i), has emerged as the predominant genotype worldwide, particularly PCV2d. PCV2 has been commonly found in both domestic pigs and wild boars, and sporadically in non-porcine animals. The virus spreads among swine populations through horizontal and vertical transmission routes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for controlling porcine circovirus infections and associated diseases, the continuous genotypic shifts from a to b, and subsequently from b to d, have maintained PCV2 as a significant pathogen with substantial economic implications. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the biology, genetic variation, distribution, and preventive strategies concerning porcine circoviruses and their associated diseases in swine.
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