First‐ and Second‐Order Change: Implications for Rationalist and Constructivist Cognitive Therapies

Abstract

Inquiry into the nature and process of change is fundamental to the domains of counseling and psychotherapy. Particularly relevant to counselors is an understanding of the distinction between first‐ and second‐order change. This article clarifies the distinction and suggests a relationship between these two types of change and Mahoney's (1988) recent metatheoretical contrast between rationalist and constructivist approaches to counseling. Specifically, it is proposed that rationalist approaches are guided by first‐order assumptions about change whereas constructivist approaches are based on second‐order principles and processes. Within this context, a number of implications for the counseling practitioner are discussed.

Second Order Change Through Principle Based Treatment

“…The concept of behavioral change being effected by change at systemic level was extrapolated from principles of Mathematical logic. By comparing and contrasting change within elements (individuals) and the whole (family system), the underlying dynamics that drive them are delineated (Lyddon, 1990). By focusing treatment on changing or developing principles upon which behavior is based, behavioral changes will often occur as a product of intrinsic motivation rather than as a response to external environmental conditioning.…”

“…These changes do not change the structure of system dynamics. Second order change restructures the system on a fundamental level, altering the rules of interaction and roles that were previously definitive of the system (Lyddon, 1990).…”

“…Change occurs only in behaviors as relating to and because of the defined structure of the family system (Becvar et al, 1982). First order cybernetics lead to change in individual members for the purpose of maintaining harmony with the current accepted principles of living as defined by past interactions, beliefs, expectations, rules, roles and established patterns of human behavior distinct to and defining of each family as a whole (Lyddon, 1990).…”

Savoirs pratiques et savoirs scolaires : une représentation constructiviste de l’éducation

“…Voir à ce sujet les excellents articles de Bateson (1977) sur les différents niveaux d'apprentissage, de Lyddon (1990) sur les changements de premier et de second ordre et le chapitre 3 de Changement y paradoxe et psychothérapie (Watzlawick et ai, 1975).…”

Buddhist Moments in Psychotherapy

“…The most recent trends in psychotherapy are focused on an inquiry into the nature of change (Lyddon, 1990). As part of rhis inquiry a distinction has been made between first order change and second order chanle (Watziawick.…”