“…As a remedy for the above concern, the introduction of cavity insulation materials to LSF, utilisation of optimised LCS, construction of LSF with novel materials and new configurations of LSF are practised in the industry based on the results of previous research studies (Perera et al, 2020;Gunalan et al, 2013;Gunalan and Mahendran, 2014a; Keerthan and Mahendran, 2012b;Keerthan and Mahendran, 2013;Gatheeshgar et al, 2021;Lawson et al, 2020;Roy et al, 2019). It is reported in many studies that cavity insulations in LSF walls have contributed to improving the insulation fire rating and energy performances of LSF (Perera et al, 2020;Gunalan et al, 2013;Gunalan and Mahendran, 2014a;Mahendran, 2012b, 2013;Ariyanayagam et al, 2017;Ariyanayagam and Mahendran, 2014a;Parastesh et al, 2019). Insulation materials such as rockwool, glass fibre, cellulose fibre, silica aerogel insulation blanket, ceramic fibre, vacuum insulation panel, expanded polystyrene and polyethylene foam film are utilised (Perera et al, 2020;Gunalan et al, 2013;Gunalan and Mahendran, 2014a;Keerthan and Mahendran, 2013;Alexander et al, 2019;Martins et al, 2016).…”