Fire Mountains of the Islands: A History of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

Johnson, R. Wally

doi:10.22459/fmi.12.2013

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These figures are not consistently reported so information sources for all information are as follows SHV (Loughlin et al, 2002); Kelut (De Bélizal et al, 2012); Pinatubo (Gaillard, 2008) note also some Aeta deaths unaccounted here; Unzen [ (Nakada and Fujii, 1993;Unzen Fugendake Eruption Disaster Study Group, 2007) 'livelihoods' includes some 14 emergency managers in this category]; Karengetang (Global Volcanism Program, 1992); Galeras (Baxter and Gresham, 1997); Mayon (Abdurachman et al, 2000;Usamah and Haynes, 2012), see also notes in the Appendix; Merapi, 1994 inferred from description around 'unexpected large and destructive surge' evacuations (Voight, 2012) see also further notes in Appendix. Semeru (Siswowidjoyo et al, 1997;Lavigne et al, 2008); Manam, 1996(Global Volcanism Program, 1996Reliefweb, 2004;Johnson, 2013;Connell and Lutkehaus, 2016); Popocatepetl (Global Volcanism Program, 1996); Nyiragongo (Baxter et al, 2002); Nonetheless, focusing on events with multiple fatalities provides insights into the drivers behind the societal impacts of these events. We argue that the more fully recorded fatalities, and locations and activities of those impacted can serve as indicators of the less well-recorded motivations and pressures on the larger affected populations.…”

Section: Volcanomentioning

confidence: 99%

Livelihoods, Wellbeing and the Risk to Life During Volcanic Eruptions

et al. 2019

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A forensic analysis of fatalities and displacements from recent volcanic eruptions (1986-2015) provides insights into factors that influence actions to protect life in high-risk environments. Unlike many other geophysical hazard events, volcanic eruptions may be prolonged, and of variable intensity. This is reflected in patterns of volcanic fatalities. A global survey reveals that 63% of primary volcanic deaths occur after the first week of activity, with >44% of these deaths associated with citizens returning to an established high-hazard zone. Evacuations during volcanic eruptions are protracted and this allows time for competing pressures to arise. Examination of detailed data from three volcanic crises (La Soufriere, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Soufrière Hills, Montserrat and Tungurahua, Ecuador) suggests that the need to preserve livelihoods plays a strong role in protecting life. A dynamic, associated with pull (e.g., protecting assets, place attachment) and push factors (e.g., poor shelter conditions), can draw evacuees to return during high-risk periods. Similar considerations can restrain people with previous experience of volcanic hazards and displacement, from evacuating. Our global analysis shows that these pressures, when coupled with forecasting uncertainties and the rapid landscape change associated with volcanic eruptions, mean that the physical and social vulnerability of populations change significantly during the course of an eruption. Ongoing risk to life is shaped by hazard experience and action; timescales of hazard escalation and their relationship to warning and action; and the timescales over which evacuation conditions are tolerable to livelihood and asset preservation, and mental and physical wellbeing in shelters.

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Section: Volcanomentioning

confidence: 99%

Livelihoods, Wellbeing and the Risk to Life During Volcanic Eruptions

et al. 2019

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“…In 1700 AD when Dampier sailed past the island, the eruption had already occurred, and the island was recovering with flourishing grasslands and woodlands. In Lapita times, however, the island may have been complete, with peaks much higher than today (Johnson 2013). In ethnographic and oral history accounts, the Arop/Long Islanders featured in complex trade and exchange networks, being visited by long-distance traders from the Siassi Islands and Astrolabe Bay and themselves sailing to the Huon Peninsula to exchange dog-teeth necklaces and shell ornaments (Mennis 2006a:54).…”

Section: Previous Research On Arop/long Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Lapita presence on Arop/Long Island, Vitiaz Strait, Papua New Guinea?

Gaffney¹,

Summerhayes²,

Mennis³

2019

Debating Lapita: Distribution, Chronology, Society and Subsistence

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This chapter investigates how Lapita communities used the Vitiaz Strait as a conduit for migration and exchange. We report provisional archaeological work on Arop/Long Island in the Vitiaz Strait of Papua New Guinea, providing insight into occupation prior to the c. 1660 AD eruption. This includes the finding of a potsherd overlapping in form and technology with Lapita plainware from the Siassi Islands. This sherd is tempered with sand probably deriving from Schouten Arc geology of southwest New Britain. Type X and Madang-style pottery is also present. Obsidian stone tools from surface collections all derive from the Kutau-Bao source in West New Britain and these were supplemented by local low-quality volcanic raw materials. We posit that these tentative finds are suggestive of Lapita occupation on the island, or exchange with Lapita communities around New Britain.

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“…Over the same interval, frequent clusters of thermal anomaly detections were identi ed from satellite multispectral imagery. Following large-scale evacuations associated with the major eruptions in 2004-2005 (Johnson 2013; Connell and Lutkehaus 2016), approximately 4000 residents had returned to the island by August 2021 and experience ongoing impacts to agriculture, settlement infrastructure, and water supplies due to persistent volcanic activity (J Sukua, Pers Com., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magma recharge at Manam volcano, Papua New Guinea, identified through thermal and SO2 satellite remote sensing of open vent emissions

Cotterill,

Nicholson,

Kilburn

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Manam is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in Papua New Guinea and is a top contributor to global volcanic volatile emissions due to its persistent open vent degassing. Here, we present a multi-year time series (2018-2021) of thermal and SO2 emissions for Manam from satellite remote sensing, which we interpret in the context of open vent feedbacks between magma supply, reservoir pressure, and outgassing. We classify the time series into four phases based on the varying SO2 flux and observe a transient, yet substantial, increase in time-averaged SO2 flux from background levels of ~0.6 kt day-1 to ~4.72 kt day-1 between March and July 2019. We also identify a transition from temporally-coupled to decoupled gas and thermal emissions during this period which we explain in the context of a magma recharge event that supplied new, volatile-rich magma to the shallow plumbing system beneath Manam. We infer that the arrival of this recharge magma triggered the series of eruptions between August 2018 and March 2019. These explosive events collectively removed 0.18 km3 of degassed residual magma and signalled the onset of a renewed period of unrest that ultimately culminated in a major eruption on 28 June 2019. We quantify the magnitude of “excess” degassing at Manam after the removal of the inferred residual magma. SO2 emissions reveal that ~0.18 km3 of magma was supplied but only ~0.08km3 was erupted between April 2019 and December 2021. We highlight how multi-parameter remote sensing observations over months to years enables interpretation of open vent processes that may be missed by short duration campaign measurements.

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Fire Mountains of the Islands: A History of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Livelihoods, Wellbeing and the Risk to Life During Volcanic Eruptions

Livelihoods, Wellbeing and the Risk to Life During Volcanic Eruptions

A Lapita presence on Arop/Long Island, Vitiaz Strait, Papua New Guinea?

Magma recharge at Manam volcano, Papua New Guinea, identified through thermal and SO2 satellite remote sensing of open vent emissions

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