Fire‐Fighting Foam Technology

Martin, Thomas J.

doi:10.1002/9781119954620.ch17

Cited by 17 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Butyl Carbitol is a Dow product available in relatively pure form of DGBE with a molecular weight of 162.2 g mol −1 . It has a relatively long history as a component in AFFF formulations (Falk, ; Francen, ; Gardiner et al, ; Kleiner & Falk, ; Martin, ; Norman & Regina, ; Pabon & Copart, ; Williams, ) being a good solvent for fluorocarbon surfactants, hydrocarbon surfactants, and water. The FT‐IR and 1 H NMR spectra display bands and resonances depicted in Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, “light water” was developed into modern AFFF by the foam industry by adding numerous proprietary components needed for full MIL‐F‐24385F qualification. They included fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants, organic solvents (viscosity control, storage stabilization at subzero or elevated temperatures), polymers (precipitated barrier formation on polar/alcohol fuels), salts (surfactant shielding), chelating agents (polyvalent ions sequestering), buffers, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides (Martin, ). Wu, Li, Zhao, Sheng, and Lu () experimented with a custom AFFF formulation containing more than seven components with 25% liquid‐drainage time consistent with MilSpec requirement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analytically Defined Fire‐Suppressing Foam Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement

Hinnant

Giles

Snow

et al. 2018

J Surfact & Detergents

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A 4‐component, analytically defined, reference fluorosurfactant formulation (Ref‐aqueous film forming foam [AFFF]) composed of 0.3% fluorocarbon‐surfactant concentrate (Capstone 1157), 0.2% hydrocarbon‐surfactant concentrate (Glucopon 215 UP), and 0.5% diethylene glycol mono butyl ether by volume in distilled water was found to have rapid fire extinction comparable to a commercial AFFF in tests conducted on a bench scale and a large scale (28 ft2, part of US Military Specification, MIL‐F‐24385F). The Ref‐AFFF was analytically characterized to provide the identity and quantity of the chemical structures of the surfactant molecules that were lacking for commercial AFFF formulations. To arrive at an acceptable Ref‐AFFF formulation, 3 candidate formulations containing different hydrocarbon surfactants in varying amounts were evaluated and ranked relative to a commercial AFFF using a bench‐scale fire‐extinction apparatus; varying the hydrocarbon surfactant was found to affect the fire‐extinction time. The ranking was confirmed by the large‐scale tests suggesting that the bench‐scale apparatus is a reasonable research tool for identifying surfactants likely to succeed in the large‐scale test. In the future, replacing the fluorocarbon surfactant with an alternative surfactant in the Ref‐AFFF enables a direct comparison of fire extinction and environmental impact to identify an acceptable fluorine‐free formulation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analytically Defined Fire‐Suppressing Foam Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement

Hinnant

Giles

Snow

et al. 2018

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…The effectiveness of dry powders depends on their composition and particle size. The use of very fine and nano-sized particles of inorganic oxides is widespread among all-purpose firefighting agents for fires caused by combustible solids (class A), flammable liquids (class B), and gases (class C) [94,96,97].…”

Section: Extinguishingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology in Fire Protection—Application and Requirements

et al. 2021

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Nanotechnology is used, to an increasing extent, in practically every aspect of the economy and society. One area where nanotechnology is constantly advancing is fire protection. Nanostructures are found in elements used in direct protection, such as in protective clothing, filters, and helmets. Solutions in the field of nanotechnology are also used in elements reducing the fire risk and increasing the fire safety, such as building materials and structures, paints, coatings, or fire safety equipment (e.g., fire detectors). However, new solutions may also pose a threat to the safety of people and the environment. As a result of operation or combustion and degradation processes, the emission of nano-substances with toxic properties may occur. Therefore, knowledge in this field is necessary, as it allows for the appropriate targeting and use of nanotechnology.

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“…The guidelines provided by NFPA and OGRA provide briefing regarding the effectiveness of firefighting foam usage for extinguishment of surface fires in bulk petroleum product storage tanks. The installation of the foam solution application system on atmospheric bulk quantity liquid petroleum product storage tanks has two primary objectives: suppression of vapors in case of excessive vapor generation, and the extinguishment of fire by forming a blanket over the surface of flammable liquid to cut the oxygen supply, consequently breaking the fire triangle [25]. The former issue gener-ally occurs with floating roof tanks, in which there is a possibility of vapor accumulation above the floating roof causing, excessive generation of flammable vapor clouds.…”

Section: Firefighting Foam Requirement For Burning Tankmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a firewater jockey pump with 30 m 3 /h will be more than enough for maintaining header pressure in routine conditions. All firewater pumps will be connected in parallel sequence with the discharge pressure of 10 bar (150 psig) [25].…”

Section: Firewater Pumpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive numerical design of firefighting systems for onshore petroleum installations

Shafiq

Hussain

Shafique

et al. 2021

Korean J. Chem. Eng.

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Petroleum facilities containing welded steel bulk flammable liquid product storage tanks possess sundry fire hazards inherent to the facility. These installations urgently require indigenous efficient firefighting systems. So, the efficient design of firewater and firefighting foam system is dynamic in controlling fire-related emergencies. The paper deals with the in-depth conceptualization of the design and analysis of firefighting systems for a typical petroleum handling, processing and storage facility in compliance with international standards. The study is aimed to formulate the elementary technique for designing an optimized firefighting system. The proposed objective was achieved by considering an ideal tank farm site that is most commonly located in a range of terminal stations, pumping stations, petroleum refineries, well sites, etc. Sufficient illumination was enumerated on the standardized classification of the liquid fuel product with respect their flammability range. Special guidelines regarding firefighting system design basis were defined and an optimized firefighting and foam system design was developed. Moreover, sufficient limitations that must be considered during the firefighting of huge tank fires are discussed. This comprehensive numerical design philosophy offers a simple and wide-ranging guide to industrial practitioners by formulating the principles for industrial firefighting system design.

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Fire‐Fighting Foam Technology

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

An Analytically Defined Fire‐Suppressing Foam Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement

An Analytically Defined Fire‐Suppressing Foam Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement

Nanotechnology in Fire Protection—Application and Requirements

A comprehensive numerical design of firefighting systems for onshore petroleum installations

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