Fire Blight and Its Control

Aldwinckle, Herb S.; Beer, Steven V.

doi:10.1002/9781118060742.ch11

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…(Aldwinckle & Beer, 1979;Panagopoulus & Crosse, 1964;Qiu et al, 2008). E. amylovora é considerada praga quarentenária (Ministério da Agricultura, 2008) e, portanto, merece especial atenção ante a possibilidade de ser confundida com outra bactéria já presente no país.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Detecção de bactérias associadas a gemas de pereiras europeias no Rio Grande do Sul

Rommel¹,

Valdebenito‐Sanhueza²,

Duarte³

2010

Trop. plant pathol.

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RESUMOA morte de flores em pomares de pereiras europeias (Pyrus communis L.) foi observada em Vacaria, RS. Dois isolados bacterianos, oriundos de flores sintomáticas, reproduziram tais sintomas em flores de ramos destacados e foram identificados como Pseudomonas sp. Devido à ausência de registro da etiologia dessa doença no Brasil, ao registro de P. syringae pv. syrigae e Erwinia amylovora associadas a sintomas similares em outros países e à possível presença deste tipo de bactérias em gemas, um método para detecção dessas três bactérias foi desenvolvido. O método envolveu maceração das gemas com nitrogênio líquido, adição de PBS e PVP 2%, transferência do suco para cartão FTA (Whatman); tratamento de círculos do cartão, com etanol 70%, reagente FTA e tampão TE, eluição do DNA seguida de PCR com oligonucleotídeos iniciadores específicos para cada uma das bactérias. O método foi, então, utilizado para monitorar tais bactérias em gemas colhidas bimensalmente durante 2008. E. amylovora não foi detectada. A frequência média de P. syringae pv. syringae e Pseudomonas sp. foi de 0,7 e 16,3%, respectivamente; a última atingindo pico de 30% em outubro. A espécie do agente causal não foi elucidada, mas foi demonstrada a associação com o gênero Pseudomonas, o que já fornece subsídios para o desenvolvimento de métodos de controle da doença. Palavras-chave: Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Erwinia amylovora, Pyrus communis, PCR. ABSTRACT Detection of bacteria associated with European pear buds in Rio Grande do Sul State, BrazilThe death of flowers in European pear (Pyrus communis L.) orchards was observed in Vacaria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Two bacterial isolates, obtained from symptomatic flowers, reproduced these symptoms on flowers of detached branches and were identified as Pseudomonas sp. Considering the lack of reports of this disease in Brazil, the record of P. syringae pv. syrigae and Erwinia amylovora associated with similar symptoms in other countries and the possible presence of these bacteria in buds, a method to detect the three bacteria was developed. The method comprised: bud maceration with liquid nitrogen, addition of PBS and 2% PVP, transfer of juice to FTA cards (Whatman), treatment of card circles with 70% ethanol, TE buffer and FTA reagent, elution of DNA followed by PCR with specific primers for each bacterium. The method was further used to monitor these bacteria in buds collected bimonthly during 2008. E. amylovora was not detected. The average frequency of P. syringae pv. syringae and Pseudomonas sp. was 0.7 and 16.3%, respectively, the latter showing a frequency peak of 30% in October. The species of the causal agent was not made clear, but the association with the genus Pseudomonas was demonstrated, which already provides a basis for the development of methods for disease control.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Detecção de bactérias associadas a gemas de pereiras europeias no Rio Grande do Sul

Rommel¹,

Valdebenito‐Sanhueza²,

Duarte³

2010

Trop. plant pathol.

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“…Positive results in control of this disease can be expected only from implementation of integrated disease management, which should focus on three main goals: inoculum reduction, reduced susceptibility of host plants and prevention of infection establishment (Aldwinckle and Beer, 1978).…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

The status of Erwinia amylovora in the former Yugoslav Republics over the past two decades

et al. 2013

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Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight (FB) on fruit trees and ornamental plants, rapidly spread across eastern Mediterranean countries in the early 1980s. This quarantine bacterium probably arrived in the southern parts of the former Yugoslavia (now FYR Macedonia) from Greece. Based on symptoms, and isolation and identification data, it was concluded that Erwinia amylovora was the causal agent of pear drying in Macedonia (1989). It was the first experimental confirmation of a presence of E. amylovora in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. The presence of E. amylovora was also proved in Serbia that same year. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, FB was detected during 1990. Based on an official report filed with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture in Belgrade, the presence of E. amylovora in Yugoslavia was confirmed (EPPO - Reporting Service, 1991). Therefore, the presence of the bacterium E. amylovora in the territory of Yugoslavia was officially confirmed in 1990. In Croatia, FB was first observed in villages near the border on Serbia in 1995. In Montenegro, FB was first detected in 1996. In Slovenia, FB appeared as late as in 2001. E. amylovora is now present on 10 hosts (pear, wild pear, apple, quince, medlar, mountainash, hawthorn, firethorn, cotoneaster and Japanese quince) in the territory of the former Yugoslav republics. Based on literature data, losses caused by FB in the former Yugoslav republics in the period 1989-1992 were estimated at about 12,000,000 DEM (mostly in Macedonia) and in the period 1992-1996 at 6,000,000 DEM. Total damage in a more recent epiphytotic year in Slovenia (2003) was estimated at about 474,200 EUR. Conventional and up-to-date rapid methods (PCR, ELISA and IF, BIOLOG and API System, FAME and SDS-PAGE) have been used to identify E. amylovora. Mainly preventive measures have been used to control E. amylovora in the former Yugoslav republics. Spraying with copper products has been practiced during the dormant period and in early spring. In rare cases, spraying has been done at the flowering stage (MARYBLYT), but the problem is that no synthetic bactericides are available on the market. When symptoms occur, only mechanical measures are being applied.

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“…It inflicts heavy losses in apple and pear orchards, although its incidence varies significantly from season to season (van der Zwet and Keil 1979). The severity of disease can be affected by several factors such as plant susceptibility, weather conditions, soil type and orchard architecture (Aldwinckle and Beer 1978). The pathogen may be effectively controlled with antibiotics, but due to the problems of resistance build-up in plant pathogenic bacteria and the possibility of resistance transfer to human pathogens, their use is severely restricted or prohibited in most of the European countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular response of resistant and susceptible apple genotypes to Erwinia amylovora infection

Markiewicz

Michalczuk

2015

Eur J Plant Pathol

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The leaves of apple cultivars resistant (cv. Free Redstar) and susceptible (cv. Idared) to fire blight were infiltrated with Erwinia amylovora. After 24 hours, differential gene expression was analysed using cDNA-AFLP technique. The expression pattern in the resistant cultivar, especially up-regulated genes encoding proteins involved in hypersensitive reaction and controlled cell death (BAX inhibitor and HIR protein), support the hypothesis that hypersensitive reaction is the main mechanism of resistance to fire blight in cv. Free Redstar. An important role in the resistance reaction is also played by proteins involved in signal transduction, especially serine/threonine kinase, which has been shown previously to confer resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens in a number of plant species. A potential role in the defence against Erwinia amylovora was probably also β-1,3-glucanase (PR-2 protein), which was up-regulated in the resistant cultivar only. One of the proteins known to be involved in plant defense against pathogens -glutamate receptor -was up-regulated in the leaves of cv. Idared. Although the susceptible phenotype of this cultivar shows that expression of glutamate receptor only does not provide substantial resistance, it may be considered in gene pyramiding in apple breeding programmes.

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Fire Blight and Its Control

Cited by 13 publications

References 65 publications

Detecção de bactérias associadas a gemas de pereiras europeias no Rio Grande do Sul

Detecção de bactérias associadas a gemas de pereiras europeias no Rio Grande do Sul

The status of Erwinia amylovora in the former Yugoslav Republics over the past two decades

Molecular response of resistant and susceptible apple genotypes to Erwinia amylovora infection

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