This paper solves the robustly finite‐time dissipativity control problems for uncertain nonlinear fractional‐order systems (FOS). Firstly, by using some basic mathematical transformations associated with linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques, a novel condition for the existence of output feedback controllers is established to ensure the closed‐loop FOS is finite‐time stabilizable. Then, based on the proposed stabilization criterion combined with some well‐known properties of fractional calculus, the finite‐time dissipativity control problem for nonlinear FOS subject to uncertainties is studied for the first time. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.