“…The two main ways of hourglass control are the viscous damping and introduction of artificial stiffness. They are unable to control hourglassing in coarse mesh with large nodal forces (Belytschko et al, 2000;Belytschko, Ong, & Kennedy, 1984;Brodland, 1994;de Souza Neto, Peric, & Owen, 2011;Dhondt, 2004;Tejchman, 2013;Waszczyszyn, Cichon, & Radwanska, 2013).…”