“…Based on a nonlinear diffusion equation as the forward problem, one can formulate the inverse problem of determining the unknown parameter from indirect measured data as a nonlinear operator equation. The iteration methods, such as Landweber [16,17], Levenberg-Marquardt [18,19], and Gauss-Newton [20,21], are a natural manner to solve such equations. However, iteration methods were hindered by issues such as initial guess, complexity, and convergence.…”