“…Second, these liquid crystals have a small birefringence in its anisotropic state (E7 liquid crystal: n o = 1.52, n e = 1.70, n = 0.18), which results in an even smaller tunability range. Consequently, in order to obtain actual working devices, such as couplers (Liu and Chen 2004), Y-shaped waveguides (Takeda and Yoshino 2003) or optical circuits (Maksymov et al 2004), it is determinant to know how to obtain the optimal design from the available materials.…”