“…Accordingly, cynomolgus ( Macaca fascicul aris ) and rhesus ( Macaca mulatta ) monkeys, belonging to macaques (genus Macaca ) of the Old World monkeys/Catarrhini, have been the most extensively used NHPs for biomedical research. Currently, 23 macaque species are recognized as distinct animals, but mating between, for example, rhesus monkeys and Japanese monkeys, has been observed in Japan ( Kawamoto et al., 2004 ) and this may imply that the differences among macaque species are so small as to be more like the differences among subspecies. NHPs belonging to the Old World monkeys/Catarrhini exist from Africa to the southern part of Eurasia and the Southeast Asian Islands, and macaques and the Great apes are thought to have branched 25–33 mya ( Israfil et al., 2011 ; Locke et al., 2011 ; Rhesus Macaque Genome et al., 2007 ) ( Figure 1 A).…”