Financial Dilemmas Associated with the Afforestation of  Low-Productivity Farmland in Poland

Źróbek-Różańska, Alina; Nowak, Andrzej; Nowak, Magdalena; Źróbek, Sabina

doi:10.3390/f5112846

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The government subsidies encouraged private owners to afforest low-quality agricultural land. The process reached a peak in 2003, and rapidly declining after 2006, due to amended criteria for the allocation of private agricultural land for afforestation and the introduction of direct payments to active farmers after accession to the European Union in 2004 [33,34]. For that reason, many afforested parcels were detected in this study as vegetation regrowth between 1997 and 2009.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Height of Successional Vegetation Indicates Moment of Agricultural Land Abandonment

Kolecka

2018

Remote Sensing

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One of the major land use and land cover changes in Europe is agricultural land abandonment (ALA) that particularly affects marginal mountain areas. Accurate mapping of ALA patterns and timing is important for understanding its determinants and the environmental and socio-economic consequences. In highly fragmented agricultural landscapes with small-scale farming, subtle land use changes following ALA can be detected with high resolution remotely sensed data, and successional vegetation height is a possible indicator of ALA timing. The main aim of this study was to determine the relationship between successional vegetation height and the timing of agricultural land abandonment in the Budzów community in the Polish Carpathians. Areas of vegetation succession were vectorized on 1977, 1997, and 2009 orthophotomaps, enabling the distinguishing of vegetation encroaching on abandoned fields before and after 1997. Vegetation height in 2012–2014 was determined from digital surface and terrain models that were derived from airborne laser scanning data. The median heights of successional vegetation that started development before and after 1997 were different (6.9 m and 3.2 m, respectively). No significant correlations between successional vegetation height and elevation, slope, aspect, and proximity to forest were found. Thus, the timing of agricultural land abandonment is the most important factor influencing vegetation height, whereas environmental characteristics on this scale of investigation may be neglected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Height of Successional Vegetation Indicates Moment of Agricultural Land Abandonment

Kolecka

2018

Remote Sensing

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“…Re-afforestation activities are projected because they can include entire actions to be carried out in an area in the long term. Every stage of re-afforestation activities must be calculated and examined very seriously because re-afforestation works are very costly and laborintensive, and also because they are "long-term" works that are "beneficial for future generations" [4,[11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Modified Analytical Hierarchical Analysis for Forest Road Network Planning in Afforested Lands

Buğday¹,

Özel²

2019

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Afforestation activity needs serious feasibility in as much as it is a work of establishing a new facility. Moreover, the process of selecting the land to be afforested; determining site conditions; selecting suitable tree species, provenance, and clones; the planting or sowing techniques; and planning of the environmental transport network are all costly. Determining suitable areas for environmental road network installation, which has an important place in afforestation areas, is discussed in this study. In this context, characteristics of an afforestated area have been evaluated by virtue of the fuzzy inference system (FIS) and modified analytical hierarchical analysis (M-AHP) methods on a sample area established as an afforestation area. The main objective of this study is planning in a way that is sensitive to nature and strives for ecological balance on environmental forest road networks for forested and afforested areas by utilizing multiple decision support methods with a view to realizing maintenance on afforestation areas in short-and long-term processes. A total of eight factors were determined in the study. The best twelve models, obtained as a result of analyses carried out with these factors, are presented. The success of the models was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the best model was obtained by M-AHP, which was Model 4 M-AHP with 71.2% area under curve (AUC) value. We observed that the model obtained through the M-AHP method is more successful in on-site road network planning during the phase of creating the afforestation projects.

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“…However, it is impossible to break the monopoly of energy: Greenhouse farms offer to sell electricity at an unfavorable price; • There is particularly acute problem with the regulation of issues related to bank financing: Increasing the period of subsidies and concessional lending, taking into account a long payback period, the revision of order of making and evaluating the pledge. [13][14][15] Herewith, there should be minimized the difficulties with pledges and their registration, as when obtaining a loan, the bank requires practically very much: Land, buildings, shares, and a personal guarantee of the founder, there dramatically increased the amount of discounts on bail; lending rates, which today can expect entrepreneurs in this sub-sector is 11-15% per annum and these loans are practically given only by two banks: [11] Sberbank and Rosselhozbank. In addition, funds for subsidies come from long delays, whereas banks often begin to demand repayment of principal from the 1 st day.…”

Section: Hl=sa×k×td (°C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ilshatovna¹

2017

IJGP

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Aim and Scope: The article reveals the urgent issues of food production in greenhouses in the case of the Republic of Tatarstan. The factors that affect the policy formation of import substitution, as well as problems of producers and consumers arising in the process of the implementation of the policy, are considered. Materials and Methods: However, as market participants suggest, the deficit of greenhouse vegetables is mostly closed by supplies from non-European countries -Turkey, Iran, and China. Nevertheless, vegetables from these countries will be more expensive and they have often much higher rates of residual content of chemical plant protection. It is for this reason; greenhouse owners see another danger in an influx of new import: In their opinion, nowadays, we should not open the borders mindlessly to each import, we have to focus on import substitution in the branch of the industry, attracting investors, and own development. Result and Discussion: Taking into account the above factors, the potential segment of greenhouse vegetables in the Republic of Tatarstan with the organization of timely and effective arrangements is very large. However, the whole of Russia a breakthrough can give only target program for the development of greenhouses. Conclusion: The article highlights the main directions for the development of specific activities to develop a sub-sector of greenhouse production.

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Financial Dilemmas Associated with the Afforestation of Low-Productivity Farmland in Poland

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Height of Successional Vegetation Indicates Moment of Agricultural Land Abandonment

Height of Successional Vegetation Indicates Moment of Agricultural Land Abandonment

Utilizing a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Modified Analytical Hierarchical Analysis for Forest Road Network Planning in Afforested Lands

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