Filtration Process and Alternative Filter Media Material in Water Treatment

Abstract

In drinking water treatment, filtration plays an important role in the multi-barrier approach employed for the removal of pathogens. The presence of suspended solids and other particulate matter in water increases the resistance of most microbes to disinfection. Therefore, high performance in the removal of particles achieved by granular filtration can increase the disinfection efficiency. Although sand is one of the major filter media, alternative media have been developed and used in recent years. In this review, the performance of alternative media is compared with traditional sand/anthracite for drinking water treatment. Advantages in the use of alternative media, especially glass media, have been found, including high filtration performance in removing residual particles and turbidity, minor modification requirements to the existing filtration configuration and slow head loss development. However, before the employment of them in industry, additional tests are recommended. In particular, full scale tests with variations in the operating conditions and analyses of pathogen removal should be performed. Moreover, this paper reviews the filtration processes and operating configurations which provide overall references to those who are studying and working in the field of water technology and treatment. In this paper, legislations/standards of safe drinking water are summarized as they are the driving force of developing new treatment technologies; mathematical modules for predicting the media filtration performance are briefed. Finally, future work on the application of alternative filter media is recommended.

Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the Incorporation of ABR System as Greywater Filter: The Implications for Wastewater Treatment

“…This study performed an MF process with PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe as a container, as well as AC, CC, gravel, and sand. Based on Figure 4, wastewater flows by gravity through a tap installed below the treated water reservoir to regulate the effluent [29]. Based on the internal structure, AC has heterogeneous-diameter pores ranging from macro (>50 nm) to meso (2-50 nm) and micro (<2 nm) sizes.…”

Information Technologies for Occupational Health and Safety

“…En la figura 2 se observa un ejemplo proporcionado en [8], somo se aprecia, los sistemas de visión artificial discriminan de manera adecuada el número de personas y posiciones en las que se encuentran, adicionalmente a ello, la altura del trabajador se encuentra identificada con una caja contenedora o bounding box. Con simples operaciones y dimensiones de esta caja se puede estimar la posición del trabajador en caso de que este se encuentre agachado o si levanta la mano a la manera de escalar para alcanzar una posición elevada.…”

Assessment of Different Pressure Drop-Flow Rate Equations in a Pressurized Porous Media Filter for Irrigation Systems

“…In scenarios with larger flow rates through the packed bed (i.e., Re p > 1), the inertial term becomes relevant and it is added to (7), now being known as Darcy-Forchheimer Equation [29]:…”

“…The filtration process of treated water may effectively prevent drippers to clog, thereby becoming essential for sustainable irrigation with non-conventional water resources [6]. The removal of particles and microorganisms and the decrease in turbidity may be satisfactorily achieved with pressurized porous media filters working under deep bed filtration conditions [7]. These porous media filters use a given amount of granular material like sand or crushed glass so as to create a bed inside a pressurized tank [8].…”