Fifty Years of Tree Pest and Pathogen Invasions, Increasingly Threatening World Forests

A single dominantGanodermaspecies is responsible for root rot ofAcacia mangiumandEucalyptusin Sumatra

“…In this regard, A. mangium is a species that has not been extensively exposed to pests and pathogens outside its native range (Wingfield et al 2011). As is true for other tree species, such as those of Eucalyptus and Pinus, that have been exploited as non-natives for plantation development, pest and disease problems are likely to increase in number over time (Wingfield 2003, Wingfield et al 2010a, 2010b. This and other pest and disease problems are likely to challenge plantation forestry in the future but there are also outstanding prospects for management using innovative technologies that are constantly emerging.…”

Impacts of exotic forest pathogens on Mediterranean ecosystems: four case studies

“…High disease incidence and severity can be reached in any of these combinations, as disease expression is generally favoured by novel host-pathogen combinations (often due to lack of co-evolution, although we may only see successful interactions, possibly also due to a file-drawer problem; Parker and Gilbert 2004;Giraud et al 2010;Litchman 2010;Wingfield et al 2010;Philibert et al 2011). However, there is increasing evidence that higher ecological fitness of an exotic pathogen may cause an emergent disease as predicted by the general theory of invasion biology (Parker and Gilbert 2004;Moloney et al 2009;Blackburn et al 2011).…”

Insect pests and pathogens of Australian acacias grown as non‐natives – an experiment in biogeography with far‐reaching consequences

“…An as yet unknown threat relating to new encounter diseases is that pathogens are effectively new to the trees and thus do not occur where the trees are native. Thus, these ‘new’ pathogens (Wingfield et al. , 2010, 2011) of Acacia now threaten these trees in their native environments.…”

“…An as yet unknown threat relating to new encounter diseases is that pathogens are effectively new to the trees and thus do not occur where the trees are native. Thus, these 'new' pathogens (Wingfield et al, , 2011 of Acacia now threaten these trees in their native environments. This, for example, accounts for the concern that the new encounter disease, Eucalyptus rust, caused by Puccinia psidiii (Coutinho et al, 1998), a fungus native to Myrtaceae but that has undergone a host shift to Eucalyptus in South America, might enter Australia (Glen et al, 2007).…”

“…, 2010). A more recently emerging and compounding factor is found in the emergence of novel associations between pests, pathogens and trees planted, for example, to sustain plantation forestry (Wingfield, 2003; Wingfield et al. , 2010, 2011).…”