Fifty years of solid-phase extraction in water analysis – historical development and overview

Liška, Igor

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01144-9

Cited by 200 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…The technique is cost-and time-saving compared to the traditional extraction techniques with the facility to separate a wide range of metal ions, including specific selectivity to a particular ion (Nickson et al 1995, Poole 2000, Rossi & Zhang 2000, Camel 2003. SPE techniques have been applied for the quantified analysis/speciation/separation of various trace elements, including arsenic (Liska 2000, Rossi & Zhang 2000, Yalcin & Le 2001, Camel 2003, Yu et al 2003, Sanchez et al 2009, Rahman et al 2011a, 2011b. One group of SPE material includes the macrocyclic chelants, such as crown ethers, immobilized on a silica or polymer support (Hiraoka 1982(Hiraoka , 1992, which possess the ion-selective behavior and are commonly known as molecular recognition technology (MRT) gel , Hasegawa et al 2010, Rahman et al 2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d, Hasegawa et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Separation of Tri- and Pentavalent Arsenic in Aqueous Matrix with a Macrocycle-Immobilized Solid-Phase Extraction System

Rahman

Begum

Furusho³

et al. 2013

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Separation of Tri- and Pentavalent Arsenic in Aqueous Matrix with a Macrocycle-Immobilized Solid-Phase Extraction System

Rahman

Begum

Furusho³

et al. 2013

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…Speciation analysis usually involves a step of separation, in which the element species are generally separated by liquid-liquid extraction [11][12][13] or solid phase extraction (SPE). 14-18 SPE has been frequently used in conjunction Mercury Speciation in Urban Landfill Leachate by Cold Vapor Generation J. Braz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Speciation analysis usually involves a step of separation, in which the element species are generally separated by liquid-liquid extraction [11][12][13] or solid phase extraction (SPE). [14][15][16][17][18] SPE has been frequently used in conjunction with flow injection systems (FI), allowing on-line analyte pre-concentration and matrix separation, which also reduces contamination and loss of analyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Works related to speciation of Hg in gases emitted from landfills have already been published 7,8 but few dealt with Hg speciation in landfill leachate. 10 Mercury speciation in this kind of sample is a challenging task owing to low Hg species concentration.Speciation analysis usually involves a step of separation, in which the element species are generally separated by liquid-liquid extraction [11][12][13] or solid phase extraction (SPE). 14-18 SPE has been frequently used in conjunction Mercury Speciation in Urban Landfill Leachate by Cold Vapor Generation J. Braz.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mercury speciation in urban landfill leachate by cold vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry using ion exchange and amalgamation

Flores¹,

Paniz²,

Flores³

et al. 2009

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Foi desenvolvido um sistema em linha para a especiação de Hg orgânico (Hg org ) e Hg inorgânico (Hg inorg ) em chorume. Clorocomplexos produzidos a partir do Hg inorg são separados em uma coluna trocadora de ânions. O Hg retido na coluna é eluído com NaBH 4 na presença de HCl. O Hg 0 produzido é medido por espectrometria de absorção atômica com geração de vapor frio (CV AAS). O Hg org , que não fica retido na coluna, é misturado com NaBH 4 produzindo espécies voláteis de Hg, as quais são amalgamadas numa rede de Au/Pt. O Hg é removido desta coluna por aquecimento a 600 °C e medido por CV AAS. Para a especiação de Hg inorg e Hg org em chorume, as amostras são centrifugadas, filtradas e tratadas com HCl. Os limites de detecção (3 s) são 9 e 12 ng L -1 de Hg para Hg inorg e Hg org , respectivamente. A freqüência de análise é 22 h -1 .This work deals with on line speciation of organic Hg (Hg org ) and inorganic Hg (Hg inorg ) in urban landfill leachate. Chlorocomplexes of Hg inorg are produced in HCl medium and retained on an anion exchange column. The retained Hg is eluted with NaBH 4 in presence of HCl. Hg 0 is produced and then measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS). Hg org does not interact with the resin and is mixed with NaBH 4 at the exit of the column producing volatile species of Hg that are then amalgamated by a gauze of Au/Pt. Mercury is removed from the gauze by heating to 600 °C and subsequently measured by CV AAS. For Hg inorg and Hg org speciation in urban landfill leachate, the samples are centrifuged, filtered and treated with HCl. The detection limits (3 s) of Hg inorg and Hg org are 9 and 12 ng L -1 of Hg, respectively. The analysis frequency is 22 h -1 .Keywords: mercury speciation, landfill leachate; flow analysis, ion exchange, amalgamation, CVG AAS IntroductionIn several countries, the urban waste is usually discarded in landfills, producing toxic leachate and toxic gases. The rainwater percolation through the residues and its inherent aqueous fraction comprise the leachate, which is characterized by high concentration of organic matter, salts, suspended particles and toxic elements. 1,2 Mercury is one of the elements often present in landfill leachate and become an environmental problem. 3 Inorganic Hg (Hg inorg ), mainly as Hg 0 and Hg 2+ , is generally disposed in urban landfills, 4 where it can associate to colloidal particles, complex with organic matter and/or bind to sulfides. 5 Under anaerobic conditions a significant fraction of Hg is transformed into more toxic species. Inorganic mercury may be transformed to other toxic species in landfill, such as methyl mercury, ethyl mercury and phenyl mercury. 6 However, the concentrations of ethyl mercury and phenyl mercury are very low and usually not detected by conventional techniques. Despite the possibility of formation of many organic and inorganic compounds of Hg in the environment, methyl mercury is usually the most abundant Hg org species found in environmental samples, [7][8][9] whereas Hg 2+ is the main Hg ino...

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“…Instead, a timeline-based approach has been used to highlight the property-based development of SPE materials. There are too many aspects of the resin standardization that had to be considered prior to the analytical use of macroreticular resins, which initiated the evaluation of other types of SPE materials [15]. Applicability of bonded phases for SPE process was introduced in the middle of 1970s [15,69].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective separation of elements from complex solution matrix with molecular recognition plus macrocycles attached to a solid-phase: A review

Rahman

Begum

Hasegawa

2013

Microchemical Journal

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Microchemical Journal, 110: 485-493, 2013 The original publication is available at: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.06.006 Abstract Solid-phase extraction (SPE) approach was introduced approximately five decades ago, and until then development of SPE materials is seamlessly continued. Lately, the SPE-based research is increasingly focused in developing more explicit materials to achieve meticulous separation of elements from complex solution matrices with high concentrations of interfering ions. One group of SPE materials includes those with macrocyclic ligands immobilized on a solid-phase, which are capable of selective separation and preconcentration of elements, and such selectivity in metal retention is generally termed as molecular recognition. In the process, the designed 'host' material possesses a high degree of recognition to specific elements or groups of elements called 'guest', and the recognition capability remains effective at the very low concentrations of the 'guest' species or when those present in complex matrices. The routes to the development of element-selective SPEs, the operating principles, applications and limitations are discussed in this review. KeywordsSeparation; element-selectivity; Macrocycles; Solid-phase extraction; Molecular recognition 2 Microchemical Journal, 110: 485-493, 2013 The original publication is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.06.006 IntroductionAlthough metals and metalloids are ubiquitous in nature, the environmental concentrations of both toxic and essential elements have been largely increased mostly pursuant to anthropogenic activities related to the industrial development and improved living standards in modern societies. The growing extent of metal pollution also initiated a number of legislative measures, such as, RoHS or ELV directive has been imposed to specify the limit of trace elements in the industrial products, while the EU directive defined the acceptable concentrations of different elements in cultivable soils.Sensitive analytical techniques such as, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and so forth are available for precise analysis of trace elements in solution. An overall analytical process comprises a number of succeeding steps, including sampling, sample preparation, separation and quantification. Among the aforementioned steps, sample preparation is by far the most important error source in modern analytical method development due to the low species concentration or heterogeneous distribution of the analytes in the matrix as well as the complex nature of the sample matrices. Therefore, a clean-up/separation step is often recommended before the analytical determination of trace elements in effluent or industrial waste waters to avoid the interfering effect from the matrix ions or to facilitate preconcentration due to their low concentrations in samples. The t...

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Fifty years of solid-phase extraction in water analysis – historical development and overview

Cited by 200 publications

References 120 publications

Selective Separation of Tri- and Pentavalent Arsenic in Aqueous Matrix with a Macrocycle-Immobilized Solid-Phase Extraction System

Selective Separation of Tri- and Pentavalent Arsenic in Aqueous Matrix with a Macrocycle-Immobilized Solid-Phase Extraction System

Mercury speciation in urban landfill leachate by cold vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry using ion exchange and amalgamation

Selective separation of elements from complex solution matrix with molecular recognition plus macrocycles attached to a solid-phase: A review

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