Fifty Years of Polystyrene

Pohlemann, Heinz G.; Echte, Adolf

doi:10.1021/bk-1981-0175.ch018

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The standard emulsifier is a graft copolymer of nylon on to an EPR backbone, which is formed by two consecutive reactions in a compounding extruder: reactive sidegroups are first attached to the EPR chain by heating with maleic anhydride in the presence of a peroxide initiator; nylon is then mixed with the maleinated EPR, and grafting is achieved through reaction of terminal amine groups with the anhydride units (equation 3 Particle sizes in toughened nylon can be varied by making ternary blends with EPR and grafted maleinated EPR, and altering the concentration of the graft copolymer, which tends to reduce particle sizes. It is therefore necessary to add a polymeric emulsifier to the blend in order to achieve a satisfactory dispersion and adequate interfacial adhesion.…”

Section: Blendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The success of these products led to the development of improved grades of ABS and HIPS, and a growing realization that the principle could be applied to virtually all types of thermoplastics and to many thermosets. The first commercial exploitation of the invention took place in the late 1940s, when the US Rubber Company began melt-blending nitrile rubber with styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer to make an early form of ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer),l and Dow Chemical launched a toughened grade of polystyrene-high-impact polystyrene (HIPS); early developments in HIPS have been reviewed by Amos 2 and by Pohlemann and Echte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rubber-modified Plastics

Bucknall

1989

Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements

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Section: Blendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubber-modified Plastics

Bucknall

1989

Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements

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“…Nonetheless, the most serious impediments to replace existing plastics with newly engineered alternatives lie in their cost and logistics of production. Compared to decades-old and highly optimized polymer production processes of existing plastics, , the initial prohibitive costs of new plastic production facilities and process optimization are major investments that chemical companies are unlikely to undertake . This is especially so if the alternatives do not provide significant tangible economic and material improvements other than the purported greater sustainability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyolefins and Polystyrene as Chemical Resources for a Sustainable Future: Challenges, Advances, and Prospects

Yeung

Teo

Loh

et al. 2021

ACS Materials Lett.

120

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Nonbiodegradable plastics with inert and saturated C−C backbones comprise the majority of global annual plastics produced, including the ubiquitous polyolefins (polyethylene and polypropylene) and polystyrene. Unlike polymers with cleavable bonds, such as polyesters, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates, these inert plastics are the most challenging to upcycle and cannot be easily broken down by chemical or enzymatic means. Thus, they mostly end up in landfills or are incinerated to produce copious amounts of greenhouse emissions. In recent years, increased research effort has been focused toward the upcycling of low-value plastic waste to give them a new lease of life. However, the unreactive C−C polymer backbones of these plastics have posed formidable challenges for attempts at post-synthetic chemical functionalization and conversion into commodity chemicals. In this Perspective, we discuss these inert plastics as large untapped resources for the production of new functional polymeric materials and valuable industrially relevant feedstock, such as dicarboxylic acids and aromatic compounds. The exciting pioneering work featured herein will hopefully inspire a change in the way we view these waste plastics from a chemical deadend to versatile raw materials, forming the basis of a more sustainable materials economy.

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“…Common topographies generated on PS are nano- and micro-grooves [ 29 , 30 ] and TopoChip-derived features [ 31 , 32 ], generated using nano- and microfabrication methods [ 29 , 31 - 34 ]. Hot embossing [ 35 , 36 ] is the most frequently used technique to fabricate polystyrene topographies, performed in a two-step process. First, a master mold is generated using lithography-based fabrication-nanoimprint lithography, UV assisted lithography, or photolithography [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polystyrene Topography Sticker Array for Cell-Based Assays

Rosado-Galindo

Domenech

2020

rpm

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Cells can respond to different topographical cues in their natural microenvironment. Hence, scientists have employed microfabrication techniques and materials to generate culture substrates containing topographies for cell-based assays. However, one of the limitations of custom topographical platforms is the lack of adoption by the broad research community. These techniques and materials have high costs, require high technical expertise, and can leach components that may introduce artifacts. In this study, we developed an array of culture surfaces on polystyrene using razor printing and sanding methods to examine the impact of microscale topographies on cell behavior. The proposed technology consists of culture substrates of defined roughness, depth, and curvature on polystyrene films bound to the bottom of a culture well using double-sided medical-grade tape. Human monocytes and adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used as test beds to demonstrate the applicability of the array for cell-based assays. An increase in cell elongation and Arg-1 expression was detected in macrophages cultured in grooves and on rough substrates as compared to flat surfaces. Also, substrates with enhanced roughness stimulated the proliferation of hMSCs. This effect correlated with the secretion of proteins involved in cell proliferation and the downregulation of those associated with cell differentiation. Our results showed that the polystyrene topography sticker array supports cellular changes guided by microscale surface roughness and geometries. Consequently, microscale surface topographies on polished and razor-printed polystyrene films could leverage the endogenous mechanisms of cells to stimulate cellular changes at the functional level for cell-based assays.

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Fifty Years of Polystyrene

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Rubber-modified Plastics

Rubber-modified Plastics

Polyolefins and Polystyrene as Chemical Resources for a Sustainable Future: Challenges, Advances, and Prospects

Polystyrene Topography Sticker Array for Cell-Based Assays

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