Fifty years of ‘cannabinoid research’ and the need for a new nomenclature

Marzo, Vincenzo Di; Petrocellis, Luciano De

doi:10.1002/9781118451281.ch8

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…In fact, the number of potential components of this system, which was originally identified from studies on the mechanism of action of the psychotropic ingredient of some varieties of cannabis, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is increasing with the passing years, and the definition of "endocannabinoid" is also bound to change in the near future [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) [2]. This definition, however, presented a few semantic problems [1]: 1) of the > 80 cannabinoids naturally found in cannabis (with different relative composition depending on the cannabis variety), only THC and its less abundant propyl Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0374-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We, instead, for the s a k e o f c l a r i t y, p r e f e r t o us e t h e de f i ni t i o n of "endocannabinoid-like" mediators [1], that is, mediators belonging to the same chemical class as the endocannabinoids (i.e., amides or esters of long-chain fatty acids), which are not necessarily linked metabolically to anandamide and 2-AG, and have as preferential receptors proteins different from CB 1 R and CB 2 R. The ensemble of endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like mediators, and their several receptors and metabolic enzymes could then be defined as the "endocannabinoidome" [4]. This is not because its function is necessarily overlapping with that of CB 1 R and CB 2 R, but because the genetic or pharmacological manipulation of one member of this new "ome" may ricochet on the activity of these 2 receptors by indirectly influencing the levels or action of anandamide and 2-AG (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids

2015

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The endocannabinoid system is currently defined as the ensemble of the two 7-transmembrane-domain and G protein-coupled receptors for Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (but not for most other plant cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids)-cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB 1 R) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB 2 R); their two most studied endogenous ligands, the "endocannabinoids" N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); and the enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid metabolism. However, anandamide and 2-AG, and also the phytocannabinoids, have more molecular targets than just CB 1 R and CB 2 R. Furthermore, the endocannabinoids, like most other lipid mediators, have more than just one set of biosynthetic and degrading pathways and enzymes, which they often share with "endocannabinoid-like" mediators that may or may not interact with the same proteins as Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and other phytocannabinoids. In some cases, these degrading pathways and enzymes lead to molecules that are not inactive and instead interact with other receptors. Finally, some of the metabolic enzymes may also participate in the chemical modification of molecules that have very little to do with endocannabinoid and cannabinoid targets. Here, we review the whole world of ligands, receptors, and enzymes, a true "endocannabinoidome", discovered after the cloning of CB 1 R and CB 2 R and the identification of anandamide and 2-AG, and its interactions with phytocannabinoids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids

2015

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The Diels‐Alder Approach towards Cannabinoid Derivatives and Formal Synthesis of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

et al. 2021

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Based on the Diels-Alder reaction of vinylchromenes with electron-poor dienophiles, we developed a strategy for the synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives. Substituted vinyl chromenes could be converted with several dienophiles to successfully isolate several complex molecules. These molecules already contain the cannabinoid-like base structure and further processing of one such derivative led to a precursor of Δ 9tetrahydrocannabinol. The most challenging step towards this precursor was an epoxidation step that was ultimately achieved via dimethyl dioxirane.

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Future Targets for Female Sexual Dysfunction

Farmer

Yoon

Goldstein

2016

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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Introduction Female sexual function reflects a dynamic interplay of central and peripheral nervous, vascular, and endocrine systems. The primary challenge in the development of novel treatments for female sexual dysfunction is the identification and targeted modulation of excitatory sexual circuits using pharmacologic treatments that facilitate the synthesis, release, and/or receptor binding of neurochemicals, peptides, and hormones that promote female sexual function. Aim To develop an evidence-based state-of-the-art consensus report that critically integrates current knowledge of the therapeutic potential for known molecular and cellular targets to facilitate the physiologic processes underlying female sexual function. Methods State-of-the-art review representing the opinions of international experts developed in a consensus process during a 1-year period. Main Outcome Measures Expert opinion was established by grading the evidence-based medical literature, intensive internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. Results Scientific investigation is urgently needed to expand knowledge and foster development of future treatments that maintain genital tissue integrity, enhance genital physiologic responsiveness, and optimize positive subjective appraisal of internal and external sexual cues. This article critically condenses the current knowledge of therapeutic manipulation of molecular and cellular targets within biological systems responsible for female sexual physiologic function. Conclusion Future treatment targets include pharmacologic modulation of emotional learning circuits, restoration of normal tactile sensation, growth factor therapy, gene therapy, stem cell–based therapies, and regenerative medicine. Concurrent use of centrally and peripherally acting therapies could optimize treatment response.

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Fifty years of ‘cannabinoid research’ and the need for a new nomenclature

Cited by 4 publications

References 113 publications

The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids

The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids

The Diels‐Alder Approach towards Cannabinoid Derivatives and Formal Synthesis of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Future Targets for Female Sexual Dysfunction

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