Field Observations of Wind Waves in Upper Delaware Bay with Living Shorelines

Zhu, Ling; Chen, Qin; Wang, Hongqing; Capurso, William; Niemoczynski, Lukasz; Hu, Kelin; Snedden, Gregg A.

doi:10.1007/s12237-019-00670-7

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…2019, Zhu et al. 2020). This is because waves are strongly modified or break as they cross the reef (Wiberg et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…2018, Zhu et al. 2020). When reefs become submerged, the wave attenuation can decrease to 0–20% (Wiberg et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…2019), as well as whether they are swell or wind dominated (Zhu et al. 2020) or accompanied by storm tides, impacts the efficacy of oyster reefs at wave attenuation. Previous studies of oyster reefs have shown that for the equivalent water depth, wave attenuation increases with wave height (Wiberg et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2019, Zhu et al. 2020). While this research has clearly shown that a smaller submergence results in greater wave attenuation by oyster reefs, these findings do not take into account oyster habitat requirements, a necessary consideration for the appropriate application of oyster‐reef‐based living shorelines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Large‐scale variation in wave attenuation of oyster reef living shorelines and the influence of inundation duration

Morris

Peyre

Webb

et al. 2021

Ecological Applications

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One of the paramount goals of oyster reef living shorelines is to achieve sustained and adaptive coastal protection, which requires meeting ecological (i.e., develop a selfsustaining oyster population) and engineering (i.e., provide coastal defense) targets. In a largescale comparison along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, the efficacy of various designs of oyster reef living shorelines at providing wave attenuation was evaluated accounting for the ecological limitations of oysters with regard to inundation duration. A critical threshold for intertidal oyster reef establishment is 50% inundation duration. Living shorelines that spent less than one-half of the time (<50%) inundated were not considered suitable habitat for oysters, however, were effective at wave attenuation (68% reduction in wave height). Reefs that experienced >50% inundation were considered suitable habitat for oysters, but wave attenuation was similar to controls (no reef;~5% reduction in wave height). Many of the oyster reef living shoreline approaches therefore failed to optimize the ecological and engineering goals. In both inundation regimes, wave transmission decreased with an increasing freeboard (difference between reef crest elevation and water level), supporting its importance in the wave attenuation capacity of oyster reef living shorelines. However, given that the reef crest elevation (and thus freeboard) should be determined by the inundation duration requirements of oysters, research needs to be refocused on understanding the implications of other reef parameters (e.g., width) for optimizing wave attenuation. A broader understanding of the reef characteristics and seascape contexts that result in effective coastal defense by oyster reefs is needed to inform appropriate design and implementation of oyster-based living shorelines globally.

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“…2019, Zhu et al. 2020). This is because waves are strongly modified or break as they cross the reef (Wiberg et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…2018, Zhu et al. 2020). When reefs become submerged, the wave attenuation can decrease to 0–20% (Wiberg et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Large‐scale variation in wave attenuation of oyster reef living shorelines and the influence of inundation duration

Morris

Peyre

Webb

et al. 2021

Ecological Applications

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“…bathymetric conditions, even within a project area, and so post-installation data collection is needed. Zhu et al (2020) demonstrated an oyster castle installation could increase erosive energies depending on tidal heights and bottom conditions, inadvertently having a negative effect on marsh sustainability. Living shoreline installations need to be adaptively managed and possibly augmented frequently.…”

Section: Oyster Castles Reefballs®mentioning

confidence: 99%

The status and future of tidal marshes in New Jersey faced with sea level rise

Weis

Watson

Ravit

et al. 2021

Anthropocene Coasts

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Salt marshes are key coastal ecosystems that provide habitats for wildlife, including invertebrates, fishes, and birds. They provide ecosystem services such as protection from storm surges and waves, attenuation of flooding, sequestration of pollutants (e.g., blue carbon), and nutrient removal. They are currently under great threat from sea level rise (SLR). We collected information about trends in the horizontal extent (acreage) of New Jersey salt marshes and recent elevation changes compared with the current local rate of SLR in New Jersey, which is between 5 and 6 mm year−1. We found pervasive, although variable, rates of marsh loss that resulted from both anthropogenic disturbance as well as edge erosion and interior ponding expected from SLR. Elevation trends suggest that the current rates of SLR exceed most marsh elevation gains, although some Phragmites-dominated marshes keep pace with SLR. Four potential remedies to address current coastal trends of marsh loss were described in the context of New Jersey’s regulatory and management environment: protection of marsh inland migration pathways, altered management of Phragmites, thin layer sediment placement, and living shoreline installations. Proactive steps are necessary if coastal wetland ecosystems are to be maintained over the next few decades.

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Reef design and site hydrodynamics mediate oyster restoration and marsh stabilization outcomes

Wellman

Baillie

Puckett

et al. 2022

Ecological Applications

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The detrimental ecological impacts of engineered shoreline protection methods (e.g., seawalls) and the need to protect the coastal zone have prompted calls for greater use of natural and nature‐based infrastructure (NNBI). To balance competing needs of structural stability and ecological functioning, managers require assessments of NNBI designs and materials for differing environmental settings (e.g., among wave‐energy regimes). To examine the effects of setting and oyster‐based NNBI design on the provision of shoreline protection, we constructed reefs from two substrates: a novel, biodegradable material (Oyster Catcher, OC) and traditional oyster shell bags (SB) on low‐ and high‐energy eroding salt marsh shorelines, designated based on fetch and boat wake exposure. Both reef types buffered marsh elevation change on the high‐energy shoreline relative to unaltered controls, but only SB reefs were able to do so on the low‐energy shoreline. Additionally, both shorelines experienced high ambient rates of retreat and declines in marsh vegetation shoot density. Although constructed reefs did not mitigate marsh retreat on the low‐energy shoreline, novel OC reefs significantly reduced retreat relative to SB reefs and control sites (no reefs) on the high‐energy shoreline. Those SB reefs were severely damaged by storm events, increasing their areal footprints at the expense of vertical relief. Conversely, OC reefs on both shorelines exhibited steady oyster recruitment and growth and hosted higher densities of larger oysters. To successfully provide shoreline stabilization benefits, oyster‐based NNBI must be structurally stable and able to promote sustained oyster recruitment and growth. Our results indicate that deliberate decisions regarding NNBI substrate, siting, and configuration can produce resilient reefs, which reduce rates of erosion and, in some cases, enhance vertical accretion along salt marsh edges. The growth trajectory, structural stability, and co‐benefit provisioning of OC reefs demonstrate the potential of alternative restoration substrates to provide valuable oyster habitat along threatened marsh shorelines.

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Field Observations of Wind Waves in Upper Delaware Bay with Living Shorelines

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

Large‐scale variation in wave attenuation of oyster reef living shorelines and the influence of inundation duration

Large‐scale variation in wave attenuation of oyster reef living shorelines and the influence of inundation duration

The status and future of tidal marshes in New Jersey faced with sea level rise

Reef design and site hydrodynamics mediate oyster restoration and marsh stabilization outcomes

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