Field observations and experiences gained from the implementation of control measures against lumpy skin disease in South-East Europe between 2015 and 2017

Tuppurainen, Eeva; Antoniou, Sotiria‐Eleni; Tsiamadis, Vangelis; Topkaridou, M.; Labus, T.; Debeljak, Zoran; Plavšić, Budimir; Miteva, Aleksandra; Alexandrov, Tsviatko; Pite, Ledi; Boci, J.; Marojevic, Drago; Kondratenko, V. F.; Atanasov, Zoran; Murati, Bafti; Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin; Kohnle, Lisa; Calistri, Paolo; Broglia, Alessandro

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.006

Cited by 52 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Risk was positively associated with precipitation and temperature, and negatively affected by wind. Findings are in agreement with the majority of the previously published research on LSDV epidemiology (Alkhamis & VanderWaal, ; Hunter & Wallace, ; OIE, ; Tasioudi et al, ; Tuppurainen et al, ). A contradiction and unresolved debate is the role of wind in the spread of virus or via potential vectors, such as Stomoxys calcitrans .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Several hypotheses may explain the failure of this model to identify areas where new cases occurred post October 2016. First, we did not consider long‐distance movement of people and animals (Mercier et al, ), nor the distribution of the possible wildlife hosts or vectors richness (Tuppurainen et al, ). Consequently, results mainly reflect the areas that had reported cases, an indication of model overfit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further studies should be performed to confirm the capacities of ENM to forecast the potential distribution of LSDV. Future models should also include future climate scenarios in order to identify potential shifts in the disease distribution especially in areas of transitional elevation, which may become suitable for the occurrence of potential vectors (Gubbins et al, ; Hopp & Foley, ; Patz, Campbell‐Lendrum, Holloway, & Foley, ; Tuppurainen et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus

Machado

Korennoy

Álvarez

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by arthropod vectors which results in substantial economic losses due to impact on production efficiency and profitability, and represents an emerging threat to international trade of livestock products and live animals. Since 2015, the disease has spread into the Northern Hemisphere including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and the Balkans. The rapid expansion of LSDV in those regions represented the emergence of the virus in more temperate regions than those in which LSDV traditionally occurred. The goal of this study was to assess the risk for further LSDV spread through the (a) analysis of environmental factors conducive for LSDV, and (b) estimate of the underlying LSDV risk, using a combination of ecological niche modelling and fine spatiotemporally explicit Bayesian hierarchical model on LSDV outbreak occurrence data. We used ecological niche modelling to estimate the potential distribution of LSDV outbreaks for 2014-2016. That analysis resulted in a spatial representation of environmental limits where, if introduced, LSDV is expected to efficiently spread. The Bayesian space-time model incorporated both environmental factors and the changing spatiotemporal distribution of the disease to capture the dynamics of disease spread and predict areas in which there is an increased risk for LSDV occurrence. Variables related to the average temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as land cover and host densities were important drivers explaining the observed distribution of LSDV in both modelling approaches. Areas of elevated LSDV risks were identified mainly in Russia, Turkey, Serbia and Bulgaria. The results suggest that, if current ecological and epidemiological conditions persist, further spread of LSDV in Eurasia may be expected. The results presented here advance our understanding of the ecological requirements of LSDV in temperate regions and may help in the design and implementation of prevention and surveillance strategies in the region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus

Machado

Korennoy

Álvarez

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…In Zimbabwe, higher LSD was associated with the proximity to game parks suggesting the wildlife-cattle interface may be important for transmission (14). Numerous wildlife hosts have been suspected including the African Cape Buffalo (15,16). Transhumance and other reasons for animal movements has also been associated with an increased risk of outbreaks (17,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease and the Economic Impact in Cattle Farms of Nakuru County, Kenya

et al. 2020

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Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging disease of cattle that causes substantial economic loss to affected regions. However, factors favouring transmission under field conditions and farm-level impacts are poorly quantified. This was a retrospective case-control study of cattle farms in Nakuru, Kenya to determine risk factors associated with lumpy skin disease and the farm-level economic impacts of an outbreak. Data were collected using questionnaires administered through personal interview. Collected data included herd sizes, age, and sex structures, breeds, sources of replacement stock, grazing systems, and costs (direct and indirect) incurred when LSD outbreaks occurred. Farm-level risk factors were examined through univariable and multivariable logistic regression and a final model built using backward stepwise regression and likelihood ratio tests. The factors associated with LSD outbreaks on univariable analysis included breed (exotic vs. indigenous, OR = 15.01, P = 0.007), source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd, OR = 8.38, P < 0.001) and herd size (large [>10 cattle] vs. small [1-3 cattle], OR = 3.51, P = 0.029). In the multivariable logistic regression model, only breed (exotic vs. indigenous, OR = 14.87, 95% CI 1.94-113.97, P = 0.009) and source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd OR = 8.7, 95% CI 2.80-27.0, P < 0.001) were associated with outbreaks. The economic impact was compared between farms keeping purely indigenous (n = 10) or exotic (n = 29) breeds of cattle which indicated mean farm-level losses of 12,431 KSH/123 USD and 76,297 KSH/755 USD, respectively. The mean farm-level losses from reduction in milk yield and mortality were estimated at 4,725 KSH/97 USD and 3,103 KSH/31USD for farms keeping indigenous breeds whilst for farms keeping exotic breeds the equivalent losses were 26,886 KSH/266 USD and 43,557 KSH/431 USD, respectively. The indirect losses from treatments and vaccinations were proportionately much higher on farms with indigenous breeds at 4,603 KSH/46 USD making up ∼37% of the total costs compared to ∼8% (5,855 KSH/58 USD per farm) of the total costs for farms with exotic breeds. These findings indicate that LSD caused significant economic losses at the farm level in Nakuru County. This justifies implementation of disease control measures including quarantine of cattle post-purchase and the need for effective vaccinations of susceptible cattle herds.

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“…A warning is included in the vaccine package insert, and the farmers and veterinarians have been informed about possible vaccine side effects. Indeed, in most countries, some farmers complained about clinical signs after vaccination, mainly temporary fever, lump at the vaccination site and reduction of milk production (Tuppurainen et al., ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy skin disease

Calistri¹,

DeClercq²,

Gubbins³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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In 2018, no lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks were reported in the Balkan region, after the decline reported in 2017 (385) compared to 2016 (7,483). This confirms the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign based on the LSD homologous vaccine strain which continued throughout 2018 with over 2.5 million animals vaccinated, keeping the mean vaccination coverage above 70%. In 2018, LSD outbreaks were reported in Russia, Turkey and Georgia. In Russia, the LSD epidemics expanded northward and eastward, while in Turkey, the most affected region was in the east. LSD is spreading in Turkey since 2013, despite large vaccination campaigns with heterologous vaccine performed since 2014. This might support the hypothesis that the use of heterologous vaccines results in insufficient protection, and therefore, the use of homologous LSD vaccine in Turkey should be considered to prevent further spread. As the LSD epidemic in Turkey is a risk for reintroduction into the EU, it is recommended to continue the vaccination campaigns in 2019 in the high‐risk areas of Balkan region. Spread rates of LSD within a village were estimated from outbreak data for Albania, which can be used to inform the level of vaccination required to control an outbreak in a village. In terms of vaccine safety, the reports from the field suggest that, compared to the large number of animals vaccinated in the Balkan region since 2015, a very limited number of side effects have been recorded so far, although from published literature, local or even systemic side effects in some animals may occur after vaccination. However, due to inadequate study design in the reviewed studies, there is no consensus on the magnitude of such effects and on their real consequences on production.

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Field observations and experiences gained from the implementation of control measures against lumpy skin disease in South-East Europe between 2015 and 2017

Cited by 52 publications

References 10 publications

Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus

Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus

Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease and the Economic Impact in Cattle Farms of Nakuru County, Kenya

Lumpy skin disease

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