Field investigation of influenza vaccine effectiveness on morbidity

Carrat, Fabrice; Tachet, Anne; Rouzioux, Christine; Housset, B.; Valleron, Alain‐Jacques

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00307-1

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Moreover, some individuals with influenza do not visit physicians; this fraction may represent 30% to 65% of patients whose clinical picture suggests influenza. 9,10 These individuals cannot be captured by a medically based surveillance system. At the other end of the spectrum, some patients may visit a physician several times for the same influenza episode, 11 and these new visits are rarely counted.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza Burden of Illness

Carrat¹,

Sahler²,

Ranger-Rogez³

et al. 2002

Arch Intern Med

114

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza Burden of Illness

Carrat¹,

Sahler²,

Ranger-Rogez³

et al. 2002

Arch Intern Med

114

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“…administration of inactivated vaccine, although eliciting serum antibodies, does not usually induce mucosal immune responses, which are considered important for protecting the upper respiratory tract (4,11,15,31). The protection rate by the current vaccine varies and is particularly low for the elderly population (6,12,21,33). This vaccine is effective in reducing the number of severe cases of influenza and complications involving the lower respiratory tract but is less effective in reducing the rate of infection in the upper respiratory tract.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum and Mucosal Immune Responses to an Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Induced by Epidermal Powder Immunization

Chen

Periwal

Larrivee

et al. 2001

J Virol

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Both circulating and mucosal antibodies are considered important for protection against infection by influenza virus in humans and animals. However, current inactivated vaccines administered by intramuscular injection using a syringe and needle elicit primarily circulating antibodies. In this study, we report that epidermal powder immunization (EPI) via a unique powder delivery system elicits both serum and mucosal antibodies to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Serum antibody responses to influenza vaccine following EPI were enhanced by codelivery of cholera toxin (CT), a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG DNA), or the combination of these two adjuvants. In addition, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibodies were detected in the saliva and mucosal lavages of the small intestine, trachea, and vaginal tract, although the titers were much lower than the IgG titers. The local origin of the sIgA antibodies was further shown by measuring antibodies released from cultured tracheal and small intestinal fragments and by detecting antigen-specific IgA-secreting cells in the lamina propria using ELISPOT assays. EPI with a single dose of influenza vaccine containing CT or CT and CpG DNA conferred complete protection against lethal challenges with an influenza virus isolated 30 years ago, whereas a prime and boost immunizations were required for protection in the absence of an adjuvant. The ability to elicit augmented circulating antibody and mucosal antibody responses makes EPI a promising alternative to needle injection for administering vaccines against influenza and other diseases.

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“…Cases were obtained from outbreak and surveillance data and controls were selected from a random systematic sample of GP registers, regardless of children's disease status. Similarly, Carrat et al [16] used a case-cohort design to investigate influenza VE. Vaccination status in cases of confirmed influenza was compared to the vaccination status in controls randomly selected from GP registers, irrespective of whether or not they suffered from ILI during the influenza epidemic period.…”

Section: Scenario 2: a Vaccine Effectiveness Study During An Outbreakmentioning

confidence: 99%