Field Application of Serodiagnostics To Identify Elephants with Tuberculosis prior to Case Confirmation by Culture

Lyashchenko, Konstantin P.; Greenwald, Rena; Esfandiari, Javan; Mikota, Susan K.; Miller, Michele; Möller, Torsten B.; Vogelnest, Larry; Gairhe, Kamal P.; Robbe‐Austerman, Suelee; Gai, Jackie; Waters, W. Ray

doi:10.1128/cvi.00163-12

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Elephants use their trunks for a variety of functions, and sample contamination and overgrowth of non-TB mycobacteria are common and may not be reported. Culture is expensive, and as subsequent studies have shown, three samples may be inadequate for detection (Lyashchenko et al 2012;Angkawanish et al 2010;Moller et al 2005). Based on these factors, culture may not be practical or affordable to screen large numbers of elephants in Asia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Tuberculosis surveillance of elephants (Elephas maximus) in Nepal at the captive-wild interface

Mikota

Gairhe²,

Giri

et al. 2015

Eur J Wildl Res

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A comprehensive elephant tuberculosis (TB) survey using culture and four serological screening tests was conducted in Nepal in response to concern raised by wildlife officials that TB could threaten wild populations of elephants, rhinos, and other susceptible species. Captive elephants come into close contact with wild animals during conservation and tourism activities inside Nepal's national parks. Private and government-owned male and female captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were included in the study. The mean reported age was 38 years (range 5-60 years). A total of 289 samples from 120 elephants were collected for mycobacterial culture. Culture samples were processed at the National Tuberculosis Centre (NTC) in Nepal and the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, IA. Acid-fast organisms were observed in 11 and 21 samples processed at NTC and NVSL, respectively, and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) were isolated from six elephants. There were no isolations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. Blood samples were also collected from 115 of the elephants for serological testing using the Chembio ElephantTB STAT-PAK®, the Chembio MultiAntigen Print Immunoassay test, a multi-antigen ELISA, and an immunoblot assay. Culture and serological results were variable and required careful interpretation to develop criteria to assess TB risk. Elephants were assigned to one of four disease risk groups (high, moderate, low, and undetermined), and management recommendations for each group were made to government authorities. Serological results were prioritized in developing recommendations because of culture limitations and inconclusive culture results. This strategy was based on evidence for the early predictive value of serological tests and the urgent need expressed by wildlife authorities in Nepal to protect their captive elephants, mitigate TB at the captive-wild interface, and safeguard tourism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Serologically reactive elephants may not be shedding mycobacteria, and cultures may be negative at the time of testing. The RT, MAPIA, and multi-antigen ELISA assays may be reactive months to years prior to detection of M. tuberculosis by culture (Larsen et al 2000;Lyashchenko et al 2006Lyashchenko et al , 2012Greenwald et al 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis surveillance of elephants (Elephas maximus) in Nepal at the captive-wild interface

Mikota

Gairhe²,

Giri

et al. 2015

Eur J Wildl Res

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“…Considering that the S.A. HIV ϩ compared to the S.A. HIV Ϫ controls were enrolled at the same site and likely had similarly high M. tuberculosis exposure rates, it is conceivable that the Ab reactivity against some mycobacterial proteins in the S.A. HIV ϩ controls reflects a true serologic response indicative of increasing M. tuberculosis infection activity due to HIV coinfection. This hypothesis is further supported by (i) echA1 being encoded by one of the RD which have been deleted from BCG but are present in M. tuberculosis (24,25); (ii) animal studies indicating that Ab responses are associated with antigen burden rather than pathology and can be detected prior to culture positivity (46,47); (iii) several, mostly small, studies demonstrating an increased Ab reactivity against a number of mycobacterial antigens, including MPT51 and MS, and to a lesser degree against the M. tuberculosis-specific proteins ESAT-6 and CFP 10, months to years prior to the development of TB in HIV ϩ individuals (21,(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53); and (iv) identification of echA1 via mass spectrometry in M. tuberculosis-infected guinea pig lungs 30 days but not 90 days postinfection (54), suggesting that this protein might play a role in early TB pathogenesis. Studies on a larger scale with prospectively collected samples are warranted to further explore the potential biomarker value of Abs against echA1 as a measure of increasing M. tuberculosis infection activity and a potential correlate of risk for TB development in HIV ϩ individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Antibodies against Mycobacterial Proteins as Biomarkers for HIV-Associated Smear-Negative Tuberculosis

Siev

Wilson

Kainth

et al. 2014

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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؊ (0% and 6%, respectively), and at moderate risk for TB development, i.e., U.S. HIV ؉ TST ؉ controls (14% and 10%, respectively). By contrast, more reactivity was detected in the S.A. HIV ؉ control group at higher risk for TB (25% and 45%, respectively). Our data hold promise that antibody detection against MPT51 and echA1 might have adjunctive value in the detection of HIV ؉ smear-negative TB and might reflect increasing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection activity in asymptomatic HIV ؉ individuals.

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“…The tests allow early detection of latently infected individuals and are useful in contact tracing and screening of high-risk groups in a lowendemic setting. IFN-γ based tests may be important for epidemiological and surveillance studies to determine the extent of TB infection [23,24] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sahada Görülen Sığır Tüberkülozunun Tanısında Kullanılan Tuberculin Skin Test, IFN-γ Assay, Gerçek Zamanlı PCR ve Lateral Flow Rapid Testlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Kaya¹,

Şimşek²,

Yıldırım³

et al. 2015

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Bovine tuberculosis is an important zoonotic disease transmitted by direct contact, respiratory pathway, ingestion of unpasteurised milk and milk product, raw or undercooked meat. Tuberculosis can be difficult to diagnose based only on the clinical signs. Tuberculosis is usually diagnosed in the field with the tuberculin skin test. Sputum and other body fluids may be collected for microbiological examination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have also been described. Diagnostic blood tests include the lymphocyte proliferation assay, the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In this study a total of 50 animals were tested by using tuberculin skin test (TST), lateral flow rapid test, IFN-γ assay and real time PCR. The animals were selected randomly among 178 cattle in dairy farms with the aged between 3-5 years and suspected of having tuberculosis. Forty five cattle were positive out of 50 for TST while 31 for reactive by the IFN-γ assay and 28 for rapid test and 9 for real time PCR. The purpose behind such variable as age was to compare sensitivity of tuberculin skin test, the IFN-γ assay and TB lateral flow rapid test and real time PCR examination for the diagnosis of field outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis in Turkey. Keywords: IFN-γ assay, Real time PCR, TB lateral flow rapid test, Tuberculin skin test, Tuberculosis Sahada Görülen Sığır Tüberkülozunun Tanısında Kullanılan Tuberculin Skin Test, IFN-γ Assay, Gerçek Zamanlı PCR ve Lateral Flow Rapid Testlerinin KarşılaştırılmasıÖzet Sığır tüberkülozu; direkt temas, solunum yolu, pastörize edilmemiş süt ve süt ürünleri, çiğ ya da az pişmiş etlerin alınmasıyla insanlara da bulaşabilen önemli bir zoonoz hastalıktır. Yalnızca klinik bulgulara bakarak tüberkülozu teşhis etmek zor olabilmektedir. Genellikle tüberkülozun tanısı sahada tüberkülin testiyle konulmaktadır. Mikrobiyolojik muayene amacıyla kraşe ve diğer vücut sıvıları temin edilmektedir. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) yöntemleri de kullanılabilmektedir. Tanı amaçlı kan testleri arasında lenfosit proliferasyon testi, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) testi ve enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 50 hayvan tuberculin skin test (TST), lateral flow rapid test, IFN-γ assay ve gerçek zamanlı PCR kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Hayvanlar 3-5 yaş arasındaki tüberküloz şüpheli 178 sütçü sığır arasından rastgele seçilmiştir. TST sonuçlarına göre 50 sığırdan 45'i pozitifken, IFN-γ testine göre 31'i pozitif bulunmuştur. TB lateral flow rapid testte 28 pozitif, gerçek zamanlı PCR testinde ise 9 pozitif sonuç bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda farklı testlerin uygulanmasının amacı tüberkülin skin test, IFN-γ assay, TB lateral flow rapid test ve gerçek zamanlı PCR testinin Türkiye'de karşılaşılan sığır tüberkülozundaki duyarlılıklarının karşılaştırılmasıdır.

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Field Application of Serodiagnostics To Identify Elephants with Tuberculosis prior to Case Confirmation by Culture

Cited by 44 publications

References 26 publications

Tuberculosis surveillance of elephants (Elephas maximus) in Nepal at the captive-wild interface

Tuberculosis surveillance of elephants (Elephas maximus) in Nepal at the captive-wild interface

Antibodies against Mycobacterial Proteins as Biomarkers for HIV-Associated Smear-Negative Tuberculosis

Sahada Görülen Sığır Tüberkülozunun Tanısında Kullanılan Tuberculin Skin Test, IFN-γ Assay, Gerçek Zamanlı PCR ve Lateral Flow Rapid Testlerinin Karşılaştırılması

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