Field and wind tunnel assessments of the implications of respacing and thinning for tree stability

Gardiner, Barry; Stacey, G. R.; Belcher, R.; Wood, C. J.

doi:10.1093/forestry/70.3.233

Cited by 225 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The susceptibility of a stand to wind damage has also been found to be controlled by these trees and stand characteristics in other studies (Coutts, 1986;Gardiner et al, 1997;Peltola et al, 1999a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In principle, the susceptibility of a stand to wind damage is controlled by tree and stand characteristics such as tree species, tree height, tree diameter, crown area, rooting depth and width, and stand density, which are in turn determined by forest management (Coutts, 1986;Gardiner, 1995;Gardiner et al, 1997;Lee and Black, 1993;Kerzenmacher and Gardiner, 1998;Peltola et al, 1999aPeltola et al, , 2000Dunham and Cameron, 2000;Zhu et al, 2000). Furthermore, large differences in the risk of wind damage can be observed between regions and locations that differ in their topography and/or climate (Copeland et al, 1996;Peltola et al, 1999b;Quine, 2000;Proe et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest risk of wind damage is most likely to be found where there are sudden changes in wind loading to which the trees are not acclimated, as in stands adjacent to recently clear-felled areas or in stands that have recently been thinned intensively (Neustein, 1965;Kolstock and Lockow, 1981;Laiho, 1987;Lohmander and Helles, 1987;Peltola, 1996a,b;Gardiner et al, 1997Peltola et al, 1999a). Therefore, the most basic questions in the planning of forest management are how new clear-cuttings and/or thinnings may affect the speed and direction of local airflow and how the wind hits the downwind forest (Peltola, 1996b;Peltola et al, 1999a;Talkkari et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

Zeng

Peltola

Talkkari

et al. 2004

Forest Ecology and Management

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

Zeng

Peltola

Talkkari

et al. 2004

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…The susceptibility of trees and forest stands to wind damage is controlled not only by the properties of wind (i.e. wind speed, duration, and gustiness; see Mayer, 1989), but also by the tree and stand characteristics, such as tree species, tree height, tree diameter, crown area, rooting depth and width, and stand density (Coutts, 1986;Gardiner et al, 1997;Peltola et al, 1999;. Moreover, large differences in the risk of wind damage can be observed between regions and locations that differ in topography and wind climate (Copeland et al, 1996;Quine, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage at a landscape level in a boreal forest ecosystem

et al. 2010

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Keywords:critical wind speed / forest edges / mechanistic model / Monte Carlo simulation / risk of wind damage Abstract • The aim of this work was to analyze how the forest structure affects the risk of wind damage at the landscape level in a boreal forest.• This was done by employing: (i) Monte Carlo simulation technique for generating landscapes with different age class distributions, proportions of open areas (gaps), and tree species composition; and (ii) a mechanistic wind damage model, HWIND, for predicting the critical wind speeds at downwind stand edges of open areas (gaps) for risk consideration. The level of risk of wind damage observed at the landscape level was significantly affected by the presence of gaps and old stands. Even a slight increase in the proportion of gap areas or older stands had a significant impact on the total length of edges at risk. As a comparison, variation in species composition (Scots pine and/or Norway spruce) had much smaller impact on the risk of damage.• In conclusion, the effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage should especially be considered by forest managers in day-to-day forest planning in order to reduce the risk of wind damage both at the stand and landscape level. Mots-clés :vitesse critique du vent / lisières forestières / modèle mécaniste / simulation de Monte Carlo / risque de dommages causés par le vent Résumé -Les effets de la structure de la forêt sur le risque de dommages causés par le vent au niveau du paysage dans un écosystème forestier boréal.• L'objectif de ce travail était d'analyser comment la structure forestière affecte le risque de dommages causés par le vent à l'échelle du paysage dans une forêt boréale.• C'est objectif a été atteint par l'emploi : (i) de la technique de simulation de Monte Carlo pour générer des paysages de différentes distributions de classe d'âge, de proportions des zones ouvertes (trouées), et de composition des espèces d'arbres ; et (ii) d'un modèle mécaniste de dommages causés par le vent, HWIND, pour la prédiction des vitesses de vent critiques au niveau des lisières sous le vent des zones ouvertes (trouées) en relation avec les risques. Le niveau de risque de dommages causés par le vent observé à l'échelle du paysage a été significativement affecté par la présence de trouées et de vieux peuplements. Une augmentation même légère dans la proportion de trouées ou de vieux peuplements a eu un impact significatif sur la longueur totale des lisières à risque. À titre de comparaison, la variation dans la composition des espèces (pin sylvestre et/ou épicéa) a eu beaucoup moins d'impact sur le risque de dommages.• En conclusion, les effets de la structure de la forêt sur le risque de dommages causés par le vent devraient être examinées en particulier par les gestionnaires forestiers pour une planification des opé-rations forestière au jour le jour, afin de réduire le risque de dommages causés par le vent à la fois au niveau du peuplement et au niveau du paysage.

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“…These four components are subject to modification under the influence of silvicultural practices. The management and spatial structure of the stand determine dimensional features and tree morphology [1,10,11,40,45,48], wind permeability [21,26,41,51] and mechanical properties of the wood influenced by exposition to wind [20,53,54]. Wind-firmness of individual trees also depends on external or internal defects due to insects or fungi [47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster A�t. stands in Southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

Cucchi

Bert

2003

Ann. For. Sci.

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-Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) stands in the Aquitaine region are of great economic importance but subject to Atlantic storms. In the Bordeaux region, two experimental sites located near each other, aged 20 and 51 years, made it possible to study the effects of different types of silviculture on wind-firmness during the 1999 storm. Stand density has a major influence on tree growth. When density increases, height increases and circumference decreases appreciably. In the dense stands, windthrown trees were less abundant and there were more leaning pines. With respect to other silvicultural factors in stands planted at typical densities: (i) genetic breeding did not increase damage intensity at the 20-year-old experimental site and phosphorus fertilisation decreased the windthrow at the 51-year-old experimental site; (ii) compared to the undamaged trees, the circumference of windthrown trees was 3.6 cm smaller, the relative crown length was 10% shorter and the stem taper coefficient was higher. This research has shown that wind-firmness is better in stands where the height, circumference and crown length are homogeneous. A more closed canopy seems to improve wind resistance by increasing the damping effect of swaying as a result of the crowns being in contact with each other and provides a more favourable ratio between the aerial parts and the roots.windthrow / silviculture / Pinus pinaster / stability / storm Résumé -Résistance au vent de peuplements de pin maritime dans le sud-ouest de la France. Influence de la densité, de la fertilisation et de l'amélioration génétique sur deux dispositifs endommagés lors de la tempête du 27 décembre 1999. Les peuplements de Pinus pinaster en Aquitaine sont économiquement très importants mais exposés aux tempêtes océaniques. Dans la région de Bordeaux, deux dispositifs de 20 et 51 ans peu éloignés ont permis d'étudier l'influence de la sylviculture sur la résistance au vent lors de la tempête de 1999. La densité est le facteur sylvicole le plus influent sur les caractéristiques des peuplements. Quand la densité augmente, la circonférence moyenne diminue notablement et la hauteur moyenne a tendance à augmenter. Les chablis étaient moins abondants et les pins penchés plus nombreux dans les peuplements denses. Pour les densités pratiquées en forêt de production : (i) l'amélioration génétique n'a pas augmenté l'intensité des dégâts dans l'essai de 20 ans, et la fertilisation au phosphore a réduit le taux de chablis sur l'essai de 51 ans ; (ii) par rapport aux pins intacts, les chablis ont une circonférence inférieure de 3,6 cm, une longueur relative de houppier plus courte de 10 % et un coefficient d'élancement du tronc plus fort. Ces caractéristiques peuvent traduire la diminution des capacités d'amortissement du balancement des arbres lors des bourrasques. Ces recherches ont montré que la résistance au vent est meilleure dans les peuplements homogènes en hauteur, circonférence ou longueur de houppier. Un couvert plus fermé semble améliorer la résistance au vent en augm...

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Field and wind tunnel assessments of the implications of respacing and thinning for tree stability

Cited by 225 publications

References 15 publications

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

The effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage at a landscape level in a boreal forest ecosystem

Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster A�t. stands in Southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

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