Wind-firmness in <i>Pinus pinaster</i> A�t. stands in Southwest France:
influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding 
in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

Cucchi, Véronique; Bert, Didier

doi:10.1051/forest:2003013

Cited by 41 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Furthermore, contact between roots and stems of neighbouring trees might improve anchorage by damping the effect of swaying due to high wind speeds. This damping effect was also found to be a function of crowns being in contact with each other in dense stands (Cucchi and Bert, 2003).…”

Section: Site Specific Differences In Root and Stem Morphologymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Most studies on root anchorage have concentrated on species of economical interest, particularly conifers (Crooks and Ennos, 1996;Cucchi and Bert, 2003;Mickovski and Ennos, 2003a, b;Moore, 2000;Nicoll and Ray, 1996;Polomski and Kuhn, 2001;Stokes, 1999;Watson, 2000). More knowledge about root morphology and architecture of other species is necessary to provide further insight into the way in which the form is related to the function of root systems (Mickovski and Ennos, 2003b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Root Morphology and Anchorage of Six Native Tree Species from a Tropical Montane Forest and an Elfin Forest in Ecuador

2006

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Root architecture of tree species was investigated at two different altitudes in tropical forests in Ecuador. Increasing altitude was accompanied by higher wind speeds and more shallow soils, while slope angles of both sites were comparable (20-50°). Three tree species typical for the montane forest at 1900 m (Graffenrieda emarginata (Ruiz & Pav.) Triana (Melastomataceae), Clethra revoluta (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng. (Clethraceae), Vismia tomentosa Ruiz & Pav. (Clusiaceae)) and for the elfin forest at 3000 m (Weinmannia loxensis Harling (Cunoniaceae), Clusia spec. (Clusiacaea) Styrax foveolaria Perkins (Styraceae)) were examined. At 1900 m, 92% of the trees grew upright, in comparison to 52% at 3000 m. At 3000 m, 48% of the trees were inclined, lying or even partly uprooted. At this altitude, all trees with tap roots or with shoots connected by coarse rhizomes, 83% of the trees with stilt roots, and 50% of the trees in which stems or roots were supported by other trees grew upright, suggesting that these characteristics were relevant for tree stability. Root system morphology differed markedly between altitudes. In contrast to 1900 m, where 20% of structural roots originated in the deeper mineral soil, root origin at 3000 m was restricted to the forest floor. The mean ratio of root cross sectional area to tree height decreased significantly from 6.1 Â 10 )3 m 2 m )1 at 1900 m to 3.2 Â 10 )3 m 2 m )1 at 3000 m. The extent of root asymmetry increased significantly from 0.29 at 1900 m to 0.62 at 3000 m. This was accompanied by a significantly lower number of dominant roots at 3000 m (2.3 compared to 3.8 at 1900 m). In conclusion, native tree species growing in tropical montane and elfin forests show a variety of root traits that improve tree stability. Root system asymmetry is less important for tree stability where anchorage is provided by a deep and solid root-soil plate. When deep rooting is impeded, root traits improving the horizontal extension of the root-soil plate are more pronounced or occur more frequently. Furthermore, mutual mechanical support of roots and stems of neighboring trees seems to be an appropriate mechanism to provide anchorage in soils with low bulk density and in environments with high wind speeds.

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Section: Site Specific Differences In Root and Stem Morphologymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Morphology and Anchorage of Six Native Tree Species from a Tropical Montane Forest and an Elfin Forest in Ecuador

2006

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“…Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis; see Nicoll et al, 2006a), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster; Stokes, 1999;Cucchi and Bert, 2003;Danjon et al, 2005) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea; Ruel et al, 2000Ruel et al, , 2003Achim et al, 2005). However, it is not yet known which shape of root system is best for increased tree mechanical stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Impact of Root Morphology on Overturning Mechanisms: A Modelling Approach

et al. 2007

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Aims The Finite Element Method (FEM) has been used in recent years to simulate overturning processes in trees. This study aimed at using FEM to determine the role of individual roots in tree anchorage with regard to different rooting patterns, and to estimate stress distribution in the soil and roots during overturning. † Methods The FEM was used to carry out 2-D simulations of tree uprooting in saturated soft clay and loamy sandlike soil. The anchorage model consisted of a root system embedded in a soil block. Two root patterns were used and individual roots removed to determine their contribution to anchorage. † Key Results In clay-like soil the size of the root-soil plate formed during overturning was defined by the longest roots. Consequently, all other roots localized within this plate had no influence on anchorage strength. In sand-like soil, removing individual root elements altered anchorage resistance. This result was due to a modification of the shape and size of the root-soil plate, as well as the location of the rotation axis. The tap root and deeper roots had more influence on overturning resistance in sand-like soil compared with clay-like soil. Mechanical stresses were higher in the most superficial roots and also in leeward roots in sand-like soil. The relative difference in stresses between the upper and lower sides of lateral roots was sensitive to root insertion angle. Assuming that root eccentricity is a response to mechanical stresses, these results explain why eccentricity differs depending on root architecture. † Conclusions A simple 2-D Finite Element model was developed to better understand the mechanisms involved during tree overturning. It has been shown how root system morphology and soil mechanical properties can modify the shape of the root plate slip surface as well as the position of the rotation axis, which are major components of tree anchorage.

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“…Moreover, tree susceptibility to wind and snow damage depends on many physical and ecological factors including: (1) soil characteristics, slope and climate (Copeland et al 1996, Moore 2000, Quine 2000, Talkkari et al 2000, Cucchi & Bert 2003, Zeng et al 2010; (2) species composition, density, diameter distribution, and vertical structure (Valinger et al 1993, Quine 1995; and (3) the morphological and structural characteristics of individual plants (Coutts 1983, Petty & Swain 1985, Gardiner et al 1997, Mitchell 2000, Wilson & Oliver 2000, Nicoll et al 2006, Peltola 2006. The first factor is not influenced by management and cannot be controlled by foresters, the second factor can be controlled only in the long term, the third factor can be very useful in short-term management planning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This operation can cause an initial disruption in the crown coverage. Consequently, it is important to evaluate the vigor of the crown and the social status of each tree before proceeding with a silvicultural treatment similar to thinning from above.Moreover, tree susceptibility to wind and snow damage depends on many physical and ecological factors including: (1) soil characteristics, slope and climate (Copeland et al 1996, Moore 2000, Quine 2000, Talkkari et al 2000, Cucchi & Bert 2003, Zeng et al 2010; (2) species composition, density, diameter distribution, and vertical structure (Valinger et al 1993, Quine 1995; and (3) the morphological and structural characteristics of individual plants (Coutts 1983, Petty & Swain 1985, Gardiner et al 1997 Black pine has been used often in central and southern Italy to reforest mountainous areas depleted by the intensive use of natural resources. The main purpose of establishing pine forests in Italy was to protect the soil from excessive erosion, and also to facilitate the natural succession toward mixed forests with deciduous species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the mechanical stability of Pinus nigra Arn. using an alternative approach across several plantations in central Italy

Cantiani¹,

Chiavetta²

2015

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionIn Central Europe, the Balkans, and Mediterranean countries black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) is commonly planted for protection purposes (Bussotti 2002). In Italy, this practice was established at the national level in the 20 th century in accordance with a policy that was developed to protect the land from erosion (Piermattei et al. 2012).Black pine has been used often in central and southern Italy to reforest mountainous areas depleted by the intensive use of natural resources, especially during World War I and II. Toward the end of the 1970s, the mandatory requirement to reforest these areas using coniferous species was discontinued. In Italy, black pine occurs mostly in pure stands of even-aged forests (50 years old on average) and covers an area of 236 467 hectares (Gasparini & Tabacchi 2011).Black pine has been used widely acrossItaly because of its typical characteristics of a pioneer species: low mortality, rapid juvenile growth, low incidence of health issues, and the ability to improve both chemical and physical characteristics of the soil. Among the sub-species of Pinus nigra Arn., the European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. nigra) was used more commonly on calcareous soils and Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Maire was preferred on sandstone soils. The main purpose of establishing pine forests in Italy was to protect the soil from erosion, and also to facilitate the natural succession toward mixed forests with a strong component of deciduous species (Cantiani et al. 2010). The commercial value of these pine forests was not a priority.The most common silvicultural treatments in Europe currently aim at maximizing the stability and facilitating the transition from pure stands to mixed stands with a stronger component of native tree species (Mosandl & Kessner 1999, Heitz & Hasenauer 2000, Kenk & Guehne 2001, Malcolm et al. 2001, Kint et al. 2006. Black pine was usually planted in pure stands at a density of 2500 trees per hectare with a rotation period of approximately 90 years depending on the site characteristics. During the rotation period multiple thinning usually should be applied to facilitate the transition toward a mixed forest. The average stand age of Italian pine forest is 50 years; consequently, there is still a need for additional research to understand the most effective treatments required to convert these pure pine forests.On privately owned forests (approximately 47% of the total), the most common treatment is a clear cut on small patches followed by artificial regeneration of native species (e.g., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer opalus Mill., Quercus cerris L., Fraxinus ornus L., etc.). On public land, larger areas are commonly harvested (e.g., strips, patches) in order to facilitate the natural regeneration of native species.Thinning is the most effective silvicultural treatment to enhance the ecological value of these stands. Pure pine stands reach canopy closure at an early age; therefore, it is important to conduct pre-commercial thinning ...

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Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster A�t. stands in Southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

Cited by 41 publications

References 41 publications

Root Morphology and Anchorage of Six Native Tree Species from a Tropical Montane Forest and an Elfin Forest in Ecuador

Root Morphology and Anchorage of Six Native Tree Species from a Tropical Montane Forest and an Elfin Forest in Ecuador

Understanding the Impact of Root Morphology on Overturning Mechanisms: A Modelling Approach

Estimating the mechanical stability of Pinus nigra Arn. using an alternative approach across several plantations in central Italy

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