Appeal considered, inter alia, two questions relating to the fiduciary duties of financial intermediaries: (i) in what circumstances an introducing broker owes fiduciary duties to its clients, and (ii) whether the broker's failure to disclose the exact quantum of its commission amounted to a breach of the no-conflict fiduciary rule. The Court of Appeal agreed with the trial judge that fiduciary duties arose in this case, but reversed his decision on the point of breach of fiduciary duty. It ruled that, when a client knows or should have known that the broker is remunerated by the other party, the no-conflict rule does not require the broker to disclose to its client the full amount of the commission. In other words, when the fiduciary's benefit is only "half-secret", the default requirements off full disclosure and informed consent are not triggered. This analysis will argue that the court's reasoning in finding a fiduciary relation and its treatment of this halfway-house case are problematic. B. THE FACTS Medsted was an introducing broker in the field of contracts for difference ("CFDs"). Its role was to introduce investors to second-tier providers of CFDs, which in turn dealt with first-tier providers. Due to the nature of these derivative instruments, investors are not allowed to deal directly with first-tier providers. Medsted formed a business relationship with Collins Stewart ("CS", subsequently acquired by Canaccord), a second-tier provider, whereby the former introduced clients to the latter, in exchange for a share of the commission and funding rebate that clients paid directly to CS. Representatives of both parties agreed orally that the clients should not be told of the split of the charges between Medsted, CS and the first-tier provider. 2 1 Medsted Associates Limited v Canaccord Genuity Wealth (International) Limited [2019] EWCA Civ 83 (hereinafter "Medsted CA"), reversing in part Medsted Associates Ltd v Canaccord Genuity Wealth (International) Ltd [2017] EWHC 1815 (Comm); [2018] 1 WLR 314 (hereafter "Medsted HC") 2 Medsted HC, paras [24], [42], [102].