Fetal sex and perinatal outcomes

Villan, Laura Aibar; Puertas, Alberto; Valverde, Mercedes; Carrillo, María Paz; Montoya, F.

doi:10.1515/jpm-2011-0137

Cited by 89 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…During delivery the relative proportion of male foetuses with 63.3 % as compared to 36.7 % for the female foetuses is markedly elevated as it is also after birth with 63.3 % for the boys and 36.7 % for the girls. Khalil (2013) and demonstrate that male foetuses have a higher vulnerability in the perinatal phase and a high obstetric risk [7,10,11]. The high tendency towards premature births or, respectively, the higher rate of preterm births for boys revealed by these data confirms the results of previous studies [2,3,6,7].…”

Section: Perinatal Outcomesupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Also, the rates of vaginal surgical deliveries are higher, and the indication for birth completion is more frequently given with the diagnosis of "threatening intrauterine asphyxia" in the case of male babies. The rate of sonographically diagnosed growth retardation, however, is higher for female infants [10]. Several studies have recognised male gender as being a risk factor during pregnancy and birth.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Foetal Gender and Obstetric Outcome

Schildberger

Leitner

2016

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd

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Introduction: Data on specific characteristics based on the gender of the unborn baby and their significance for obstetrics are limited. The aim of this study is to analyse selected parameters of obstetric relevance in the phases pregnancy, birth and postpartum period in dependence on the gender of the foetus. Materials and Methods: The selected study method comprised a retrospective data acquisition and evaluation from the Austrian birth register of the Department of Clinical Epidemiology of Tyrolean State Hospitals. For the analysis all inpatient singleton deliveries in Austria during the period from 2008 to 2013 were taken into account (live and stillbirths n?=?444?685). The gender of the baby was correlated with previously defined, obstetrically relevant parameters. Results: In proportions, significantly more premature births and sub partu medical interventions (vaginal and abdominal surgical deliveries. episiotomies) were observed for male foetuses (p?

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Section: Perinatal Outcomesupporting

confidence: 85%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Foetal Gender and Obstetric Outcome

Schildberger

Leitner

2016

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd

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“…The 20 studies [1,3,4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] that met inclusion criteria provide data on 2,402,643 women. A study from Retnakaran and Shah [4] evaluated the risk for GDM conferred by fetal sex in a first pregnancy and, in those women in whom it was applicable, the analogous risk in a second pregnancy such that, in the pooled analyses, the first and second pregnancies from this study were entered as two separate reports.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Persson et al [26] Retnakaran et al (b) [4] Gillman et al [19] Khalil et al [23] Okereke et al [25] Sarkar et al [29] Ricart et al [28] Aibar et al [14] Dionne et al [17] Xiao et al [30] Retnakaran et al (a) [4] Ehrlich et al [18] Kale et al [22] Janssen et al [21] Pirkola et al [27] Retnakaran et al [3] Lawlor et al [24] Author…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex of the baby and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the mother: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2015

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Aims/hypothesis It has recently emerged that carrying a male fetus may be associated with poorer maternal beta cell function and an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Recognising that the overall impact of fetal sex on maternal glucose metabolism is likely to be subtle, we sought to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to obtain a robust estimate of the incremental maternal risk of GDM associated with the sex of the baby. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify observational studies published between 1 January 1950 and 4 April 2015 that reported data on fetal sex and the prevalence of GDM. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and pooled estimates of the RR were calculated by a randomeffects model. We considered male fetus as the exposure and prevalence of GDM as the outcome of interest. Results We identified 320 studies through electronic searches and nine studies through manual searches. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding data on 2,402,643 women. Pooled analysis of these studies demonstrated an increased risk of GDM in women carrying a male fetus compared with women carrying a female fetus (RR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02, 1.06). This result was confirmed in a sensitivity analysis including only studies that applied a stringent definition of GDM (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.06) (I 2 =0%, p=0.66). Conclusions/interpretation Pregnant women carrying a boy have a 4% higher relative risk of GDM than those carrying a girl. The fetus thus may have previously unsuspected effects on maternal glucose metabolism in pregnancy.

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“…invoked to explain intriguing observations from retrospective analyses of perinatal databases suggesting that the presence of a male fetus may be associated with an increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the mother (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Indeed, the pathophysiologic basis of GDM is maternal pancreatic b-cell dysfunction, which is defined as the inability of the b-cells to secrete enough insulin to fully compensate for the physiologic insulin resistance of late pregnancy, thereby resulting in the hyperglycemia by which GDM is diagnosed (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

Fetal Sex and Maternal Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Impact of Having a Boy

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVERetrospective analyses of perinatal databases have raised the intriguing possibility of an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women carrying a male fetus, but it has been unclear if this was a spurious association. We thus sought to evaluate the relationship between fetal sex and maternal glucose metabolism in a well-characterized cohort of women reflecting the full spectrum of gestational glucose tolerance from normal to mildly abnormal to GDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 1,074 pregnant women underwent metabolic characterization, including oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), at mean 29.5 weeks' gestation. The prevalence of GDM, its pathophysiologic determinants (b-cell function and insulin sensitivity/ resistance), and its clinical risk factors were compared between women carrying a female fetus (n = 534) and those carrying a male fetus (n = 540). RESULTSWomen carrying a male fetus had lower mean adjusted b-cell function (insulinogenic index divided by HOMA of insulin resistance: 9.4 vs. 10.5, P = 0.007) and higher mean adjusted blood glucose at 30 min (P = 0.025), 1 h (P = 0.004), and 2 h (P = 0.02) during the OGTT, as compared with those carrying a female fetus. Furthermore, women carrying a male fetus had higher odds of developing GDM (odds ratio 1.39 [95% CI 1.01-1.90]). Indeed, male fetus further increased the relative risk of GDM conferred by the classic risk factors of maternal age >35 years and nonwhite ethnicity by 47 and 51%, respectively. CONCLUSIONSMale fetus is associated with poorer b-cell function, higher postprandial glycemia, and an increased risk of GDM in the mother. Thus, fetal sex potentially may influence maternal glucose metabolism in pregnancy.Fetal sex has been associated with differential risks of perinatal outcomes. Specifically, it has long been recognized that the presence of a male fetus carries increased risks of adverse outcomes, including preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes, umbilical cord prolapse, true umbilical cord knot, failure to progress in the first and second stages of labor, nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns, cesarean delivery, and lower Apgar scores (1,2). Although the mechanisms by which male sex may contribute to these events are not clearly understood, it seems probable that these outcomes relate primarily to biological factors determined by the fetus. In contrast, however, different pathophysiologic effects would likely need to be

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Fetal sex and perinatal outcomes

Abstract: Male sex is an independent risk factor for unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy and delivery.

Cited by 89 publications

References 12 publications

Foetal Gender and Obstetric Outcome

Foetal Gender and Obstetric Outcome

Sex of the baby and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the mother: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fetal Sex and Maternal Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Impact of Having a Boy

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