Fetal alcohol syndrome: Historical perspectives

Calhoun, Faye; Warren, K. S.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.023

Cited by 77 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Also, the high prevalence of alcohol abuse among Inuit women 39 may increase rates of birth defects related to alcohol toxicity. 40 Programs to reduce alcohol and other substance abuse among Inuit women of child-bearing age may help to prevent such adverse outcomes. The fact that the risk of infant death from congenital anomalies was comparably high in both the Inuit-inhabited areas and the rest of northern Canada suggests that common environmental risks exist in the North.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth outcomes in the Inuit-inhabited areas of Canada

Luo¹,

Senécal²,

Simonet³

et al. 2010

Canadian Medical Association Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth outcomes in the Inuit-inhabited areas of Canada

Luo¹,

Senécal²,

Simonet³

et al. 2010

Canadian Medical Association Journal

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“…5 The terminology Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) has been coined to define any defect caused by embryonic or prenatal alcohol exposure. 1,[6][7][8][9] Due to the high prevalence of drinking, FASD is a widespread disease in many ''Westernized'' nations. 8 In the United States alone, amounts of ethanol consumption during pregnancy vary greatly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fishing for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Zebrafish as a Model for Ethanol Teratogenesis

2016

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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) describes a wide array of ethanol-induced developmental defects, including craniofacial dysmorphology and cognitive impairments. It affects *1 in 100 children born in the United States each year. Due to the pleiotropic effects of ethanol, animal models have proven critical in characterizing the mechanisms of ethanol teratogenesis. In this review, we focus on the utility of zebrafish in characterizing ethanolinduced developmental defects. A growing number of laboratories have focused on using zebrafish to examine ethanol-induced defects in craniofacial, cardiac, ocular, and neural development, as well as cognitive and behavioral impairments. Growing evidence supports that genetic predisposition plays a role in these ethanol-induced defects, yet little is understood about these gene-ethanol interactions. With a high degree of genetic amenability, zebrafish is at the forefront of identifying and characterizing the gene-ethanol interactions that underlie FASD.

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“…It was not, however, until the late 1960s when it was fi rst reported that heavy alcohol intake during pregnancy might be associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is characterized by typical physical and neurobehavioral features (Plant et al , 1999 ;Calhoun and Warren, 2007 ; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 2009 ). Children with FAS show a pre -and postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphy, and central nervous system dysfunctions that cause permanent cognitive impairment and learning disabilities (Hofer and Burd, 2009 ).…”

Section: Fetal Alcohol Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol: Its Role in Nutrition and Health

Suter

2012

Present Knowledge in Nutrition

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In view of the importance of alcoholic beverages in daily life as well as its absolute priority in metabolism, alcohol has considerable potential to affect the nutritional status and metabolism of all essential nutrients including the different energy sources. In view of the great variability among alcohol drinkers in patterns of drinking, amounts ingested, ingestion of other nutrients, metabolic characteristics, genetic factors, and lifestyle characteristics (such as exercise or smoking behavior), the effects of alcohol on nutritional status and disease risk are very heterogeneous. Alcohol -associated malnutrition includes both primary and secondary malnutrition. Because of the comparatively high energy content of alcohol, it displaces other energy sources and thus many essential nutrients in the diet, thereby lowering the intake of most nutrients (primary malnutrition). Gastrointestinal and metabolic complications of heavy alcohol intake (especially liver dysfunction) lead to so -called secondary malnutrition. Anorexia and vomiting from alcoholic gastritis further promote inadequate intakes of food. Malabsorption of nearly all nutrients can develop as a result of mucosal dysfunction, liver insuffi ciency, and pancreatic insuffi ciency. Alcoholic liver dysfunction causes a reduced capacity to transport nutrients in the blood, a reduced storage capacity, and an insuffi cient activation of nutrients such as vitamins. In addition, alcohol increases the excretion of nutrients in the urine and bile. In alcoholic patients, several mechanisms for the development of malnutrition usually occur simultaneously.The effect of alcohol on morbidity and mortality is biphasic, and the relationship is J -shaped: low levels of ingestion are associated with reduced morbidity and mortality risks, whereas abstinence and higher levels of ingestion are associated with a higher mortality risk due to different cancers, alcoholic liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmias, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and stroke. The reduced mortality risk at lower intakes is explained by the risk of coronary artery disease and a reduced risk of ischemic stroke. The amount of alcohol ingestion at the nadir of mortality risk is not known and varies from study to study and from one individual to another. The hallmark of excessive alcohol intake is metabolic and structural alterations at the level of the liver, and liver cirrhosis is the leading cause of death in heavy drinkers.Often, both positive and negative effects occur. In view of the heterogeneity of responses for any given alcohol dose, the formulation of public health recommendations for safe consumption levels is becoming increasingly diffi cult. In any case, alcohol should not be recommended for health reasons or for health maintenance, especially as long as there are no specifi c, sensitive predictors for harmful alcohol use and abuse. In the setting of an overall healthy lifestyle with respect to nutrition and physical activity, light to moderate alcohol consumptio...

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Fetal alcohol syndrome: Historical perspectives

Cited by 77 publications

References 18 publications

Birth outcomes in the Inuit-inhabited areas of Canada

Birth outcomes in the Inuit-inhabited areas of Canada

Fishing for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Zebrafish as a Model for Ethanol Teratogenesis

Alcohol: Its Role in Nutrition and Health

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