“…This confirms the statement by Yanagimachi (1969) (Chang et al, 1971 ;Fraser et al, 1971) and in the hamster (the present study), while the presence of follicular cells appears to facilitate the penetration of mouse eggs (Cross & Brinster, 1970;present study), the possibility of a species difference concerning the rôle of follicular cells for fertilization cannot be excluded. This work was supported by grants from the U.S. Public Health Service (GM 14370) and the Ford Foundation.…”
supporting
confidence: 79%
“…Recently, it was reported that removal of the cumulus oophorus and the corona radiata from rabbit eggs does not lower the proportion of eggs fertilized in vitro (Chang, Hanada & Hunt, 1971 ;Fraser, Dandekar & Vaidya, 1971). By contrast, Cross & Brinster (1970) reported that the removal of the follicular cells from the mouse eggs reduced the fertilization rate inseminated with spermatozoa recovered from the uterus.…”
Summary. The removal of follicular cells decreased the proportion of mouse eggs penetrated by epididymal spermatozoa, but did not affect the proportion of hamster eggs penetrated, whether the spermatozoa were taken from the epididymis or from the uterus.
“…This confirms the statement by Yanagimachi (1969) (Chang et al, 1971 ;Fraser et al, 1971) and in the hamster (the present study), while the presence of follicular cells appears to facilitate the penetration of mouse eggs (Cross & Brinster, 1970;present study), the possibility of a species difference concerning the rôle of follicular cells for fertilization cannot be excluded. This work was supported by grants from the U.S. Public Health Service (GM 14370) and the Ford Foundation.…”
supporting
confidence: 79%
“…Recently, it was reported that removal of the cumulus oophorus and the corona radiata from rabbit eggs does not lower the proportion of eggs fertilized in vitro (Chang, Hanada & Hunt, 1971 ;Fraser, Dandekar & Vaidya, 1971). By contrast, Cross & Brinster (1970) reported that the removal of the follicular cells from the mouse eggs reduced the fertilization rate inseminated with spermatozoa recovered from the uterus.…”
Summary. The removal of follicular cells decreased the proportion of mouse eggs penetrated by epididymal spermatozoa, but did not affect the proportion of hamster eggs penetrated, whether the spermatozoa were taken from the epididymis or from the uterus.
“…However, gaining this information can be challenging and cumbersome. While it has been almost a century since the first neuropeptide, substance P, was discovered (von Euler and Gaddum, 1931), and nearly 50 years since the sequence of that peptide was determined (Chang et al, 1971), technology has since developed impressively, and there are now records of almost 6000 neuropeptide sequences across all species .…”
Section: Elucidation Of Neuropeptide Structuresmentioning
Neuropeptides are one of the most diverse classes of signaling molecules and have attracted great interest over the years owing to their roles in regulation of a wide range of physiological processes. However, there are unique challenges associated with neuropeptide studies stemming from the highly variable molecular sizes of the peptides, low concentrations, high degree of structural diversity and large number of isoforms. As a result, much effort has been focused on developing new techniques for studying neuropeptides, as well as novel applications directed towards learning more about these endogenous peptides. The areas of importance for neuropeptide studies include structure, localization within tissues, interaction with their receptors, including ion channels, and physiological function. Here, we discuss these aspects and the associated techniques, focusing on technologies that have demonstrated potential in advancing the field in recent years. Most identification and structural information has been gained by mass spectrometry, either alone or with confirmations from other techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and other spectroscopic tools. While mass spectrometry and bioinformatic tools have proven to be the most powerful for large-scale analyses, they still rely heavily on complementary methods for confirmation. Localization within tissues, for example, can be probed by mass spectrometry imaging, immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassays. Functional information has been gained primarily from behavioral studies coupled with tissue-specific assays, electrophysiology, mass spectrometry and optogenetic tools. Concerning the receptors for neuropeptides, the discovery of ion channels that are directly gated by neuropeptides opens up the possibility of developing a new generation of tools for neuroscience, which could be used to monitor neuropeptide release or to specifically change the membrane potential of neurons. It is expected that future neuropeptide research will involve the integration of complementary bioanalytical technologies and functional assays.
“…The effect of the presence of cumulus cells on the results of IVF varies among species. In the rabbit and hamster cumulus cell removal had no effect on the proportion of eggs fertilised in vitro (Chang et al, 1971;Fraser et al, 1971;Miyamoto & Chang, 1972). Removal of cumulus cells reduced the fertilisation rate of mouse eggs (Cross & Brinster, 1970;Miyamoto & Chang, 1972).…”
Oviductal oocytes (n = 795) were obtained from ovulation-induced prepubertal gilts. In the first experiment, different parameters related to in vitro fertilisation (IVF) were compared in the presence and absence of cumulus matrix (which is shed with the oocytes at ovulation.) The results show that the presence of this matrix is beneficial because the rates of fertilisation (69%) and monospermy (number of monospermic oocytes/total number of healthy mature oocytes; 42%), and the median number of spermatozoa per oocyte (1.52 ± 0.06), were improved with respect to those obtained in its absence (54%, 22% and 2.33 ± 0.08, respectively; p < 0.01). In the second experiment the effect of two different volumes of co-incubation medium (2 ml and 0.4 ml) on the same parameters of porcine IVF were compared. No significant differences between volumes were observed, except in the mean number of spermatozoa per oocyte and the percentage of dispermic oocytes.
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